Suchergebnisse

Affordable and sustainable access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) is a key public health issue and focus of Sustainable Development Goals. Literature showed that households having prior knowledge and an acceptable attitude towards WASH practices have less number of diseases. The main objective of the study was to explore the level of respondents' knowledge, attitude and practices towards safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Conditions in South Punjab, Pakistan. The study was mixed-method research. SPSS also applied, and results demonstrate that there was very lack of knowledge about safe WASH practices; the majority of respondents have a traditional attitude. Whereas only 27.3% of respondents have always access to safe drinking water, 96% of respondents were not using any domestic water treatment method, 22.9% were defecating in the open, and the percentage of always handwashing with soap was found to only 29.6%. Social Mobilization programs along with government action to ensure safe WASH conditions are recommended.

This research explores various enticing factors that help to identify the root causes of extremism among youth, particularly in the higher educational institutions i.e., Universities. This article also addresses the behavioral changing factors of youth studying at the different public sectors universities. Several pieces of previous researches had discussed the extremism, but the relationship between the different variables and factors were unclear. A qualitative method was used to explore the enticing factors of youth extremism and respondents were selected through purposive sampling to examine their belief, views and attitudes towards extremism. Researcher had done twenty focus group discussions (five from each university) with the students of graduate level who were attached with any cartel. The themes were discussed on the bases of information given by respondents about the concepts of extremism, youth extremism, and group extremism in universities. Student groups involved in different activities promoted goals through informal means. Researcher analyses various cases of violent and non-violent incidents in the universities. The study also explored the various factors, which may attract the youth to involve in extreme conflicts. The researcher explores the various factors of youth extremism which encourages youth toward extremism, which are university environment, identity risk and crises, cultural heterogeneity, participation of religious and political groups, ideological crises, students' psychological issues and bad governance. Keywords: Extremism, University, Cultural Heterogeneity, Identity crisis, Bad Governance

Non-entrepreneur refers to a person who is non-actor and absent from entrepreneurial actions and not making intention towards entrepreneurship. An exploratory case study method (Yin, 2014) was used to carry out the research. Unstructured interviews were conducted with four non-entrepreneurs and field notes were written down on the notebook with the pencil to save the data. Thematic analysis was applied to the text to reach the important themes deducted from views and perceptions of the participants. Finding of the study depicted that lack of personal intention and will, lack of knowledge and information about entrepreneurship, lack of understanding the entrepreneurship, no familial association with business, family involvement in the selection of career and education were major impediments. In the end, important implications were drawn i.e. seminars and conferences must be conducted to overcome the hurdles of lacking the understanding of entrepreneurship.

This study has been conducted to explore the important social determinants of entrepreneurship success. Families' involvement is crucial for entrepreneurship success. The myth is prevailed in our society as successful life is to be opened as to secure a position in public or private sector. Social determinants are not discussed in detail before. To know what social determinants are important to equip success in business? Qualitative exploratory case study method (Yin. K, 2014) was used to explore social determinants in detail. Field notes were taken on note book with pencil and interviews were recorded personally by the researcher himself and these field notes and data were transcribed to document the important patterns and themes. Thematic analysis was applied to the data for analysis purpose. Findings of the study depicted that family business involve in entrepreneurial intention, role model provide supportive material, family financial help, prior business experience, entrepreneurship knowledge and understanding, were the important determinants of entrepreneurship success.At the end of the paper it was suggested that entrepreneurship training must be provided by the government institution and universities must induct degree program in entrepreneurship. Seminars and conferences on entrepreneurship awareness must be organized by nongovernmental organizations with the collaboration of government agencies and institutions.

Purpose: This study aims to explore the effects of international migration on human socio-economic development in district Bhimber, AJK. Methodology: Data were collected through a survey with the help of a well-structured questionnaire. Multistage sampling technique was used for selection of study respondents. At the first stage one tehsil (Ambala Barnala) out of three tehsils of district Bhimber was selected randomly. In second stage, five localities (Union Councils) viz; Barnala, Watala, Pangali, Patni and Mallot were selected randomly. At the final stage, migrated families were identified through snowball sampling technique and convenient sample of 200 respondents (40 from each locality) from the emigrants' family were picked up. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used for data analysis using SPSS software. Findings: Results revealed that migration increased their income, stabilized their employment, and ensured better living conditions. We also find that various pull factors which negated migration included i.e. opportunities of higher income and better educational facilities and push factor like favored migration included lack of employment opportunities. We also find that age, education, income, duration of migration, and nature of work were associated determinants of human socio-economic development. Implications: It is recommended that Government should provide basic health, educational and economic opportunities to people in the selected area. Moreover, vocational training and technical institutions for capacity building of people is a workable and viable strategy to change the migration attitude. Keywords: Migration, Immigrants, determinant factors, Socio-economic development

Background of Study: In Pakistan, political process has been distracted due to many reasons especially lack of political participation. Political participation is citizens' right but many social factors hinder political participation. This is the reason common people of Pakistan feel secluded from political process. Objective: To conduct a systematic review to identify and explore factors which hinder political participation in Pakistan. Methods: This was a descriptive systematic review of literature pertaining to social factors that hinder the political will to participate the political process. Fifty research articles were reviewed to identify the significant factors hampering political participation in Pakistan. Conclusion: Factors like lack of interest, youth participation, voting behaviour, lack of trust, corruption, oligarchy, inherited politics, caste system and illiteracy were found to be significant as barriers in the way of political participation. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n23p1933