Suchergebnisse

Awareness campaigns are one of the most important elements for the dissemination and consolidation of information among society members, especially information that touches the economic security that affects both citizens and the state, such as educating citizens and introducing them the Egyptian banknotes security elements, Especially that the Central Bank of Egypt is expected by 2020 to issue the polymer banknotes secured using the latest security elements of banknote security in the world, In this regard, it is not enough to develop the banknote design and use the latest elements of security without defining and educating citizens categories how to identify the elements of visual security by abstract eye and by the sense of touch in order to eliminate the attempts of counterfeiters continue to falsify banknotes and damage the economy of the country. Hence the problem of the research in the absence of awareness campaigns aimed at defining the elements of securing the Egyptian banknotes to different categories of people. The importance of research in spreading the culture of community in the area of banknote security and reduce the spread of banknotes counterfeit and support economic security. The research conducted the descriptive analytical method, which is based on the description and analysis of awareness campaigns aimed at defining elements of securing the Egyptian banknotes in order to reach the desired results. The research aim is to design awareness campaigns aimed at introducing the elements of the Egyptian banknote security by using the denomination100 Egyptian pounds as a sample, in order to reach all categories of Egyptian society and defined the banknote security elements to all. The results of the research to emphasize that the design of awareness campaigns for citizens to introduce banknotes security elements will help them to prevent the spread and circulation of counterfeit currency among citizens without their knowledge. also puts Awareness campaigns in places frequented by citizens from all social levels, such as metro, train, banks, hospitals, schools, universities and government institutions, will help citizens and educate them about the risks of fraud and maintaining the country's economic security. The design of awareness campaigns in a variety of print, audio and video formats and their publication on the Internet, digital displays and media will support the qualitative shift and development of paper currencies into the polymer currencies to be carried out by the Central Bank of Egypt in 2020. Also design applications for mobile phones running on Android and IOS will help both Egyptians and foreigners visiting Egypt to identify the elements of the Egyptian banknotes security and avoid any counterfeit banknotes. The study recommends the re-design of the Central Bank of Egypt website to include an interactive page specialized in identifying banknotes and their security elements, trading methods, laws dealing with them, manufacturing and ways to report counterfeits, designing applications for mobile phones running on Android and IOS and designing awareness campaigns in the media. Such as radio and television as well as printed campaigns displays in public places frequented by a large number of citizens (hospitals, health centers, family care, post offices, consumer complexes, metro stations and trains, youth centers, Healers and banks).

Strengthening the protection measures of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) in compliance with the TRIPS agreement creates a need for an appropriate tax treatment of IPR by developing countries. This need is important to stimulate locally developed IPR and protect the tax revenue arising from IPR transactions. This thesis examines the tax treatment of IPR in Egypt and India. Accordingly, the thesis employs a mixed research methodology approach consisting of legal reasoning and economic analysis The thesis demonstrates that there are significant differences in the tax policy and legislation relating to IPR in Egypt and India. In particular, the pharmaceutical industry is disadvantaged compared with other industries in Egypt. By contrast, the Indian pharmaceutical industry is given a preferential tax treatment when compared with over other industries in terms of taxation. However, the tax burden on the pharmaceutical industry is approximately equivalent in both countries. Nevertheless, the use of the B-index indicator for tax competitiveness in terms of taxing IPR shows that India is more competitive compared with Egypt. The thesis identifies the role of withholding tax and transfer pricing measures in protecting the tax base related to IPR. These work as integrity measures which reinforce the role of tax incentives to stimulate locally developed IPR. India has a comprehensive definition of royalty within ITA1961 and stable international tax policy which reflected in its tax treaties with other countries. By contrast, Egypt has a narrow definition of royalty within ITL2005 and it does not set a definite international tax policy. In relation to transfer pricing measures relating to IPR, neither Egypt nor India has specific measures to deal with IPR licensing and cost sharing arrangements. India has specific measures for managing tax incentives for the development of IPR. Moreover, India has paid attention to exchange of information while Egypt does not has specific administrative measures for exchange of ...

This article discusses the different legal opinions of Muslim scholars of various trends in the past and modern time, on the normalization of diplomatic relationship between Muslim countries and Israel. The article aims to compare among these different opinions and also to clearly define the common and specific argument on which they agreed, as well as to accurately define the points of disagreement. The focus of study will be the theoretical reasons as well as practical effects, through the analysis of fatwas and their context. The exploration will give the reader a clear understanding of the nature of these differences yet the conflicting arguments among them. This article follows the methodology of the jurisprudential and contextual analytical comparison. The research questions will follow this logical sequence: what are the general opinions of Muslim religious scholars regarding the issue of diplomatic normalization with Israel? what are the areas of agreements and differences between them? and what are the current fatwas and their reasons for their opinions in the perspective of Islamic law? However, in some points, due to its actual and comprehensive argument as well as the worldwide circulation, Yusuf al-Qaradhawi's legal opinion and fatwa will be cited and referred longer than others as examining stone and completing legal validity and representing contemporary logics of prominent Muslim jurist. The article concludes some points of theoretical differences, similarities and practical implications as well as recommendations of notifications for future study. [Artikel ini membahas perbedaan pendapat antar sarjana muslim mengenai trend di masa lalu dan kini tentang normalisasi hubungan diplomatik antara negara muslim dan Israel. Artikel ini membandingkan perbedaan opini dan dan juga menjernihkan titik kesepahaman dan ketidaksepahaman yang disepakati bersama. Fokus pembahasan mulai dari aspek teoritis hingga efek praktis melalui analisis fatwa dan konteksnya. Pembahasan juga memberikan pemahaman bagi pembaca ...

The study was arranged to manifest its objectives through preceding it with an intro-duction. Particular attention was paid in the second part to detect the physical settings of the study area, together with an attempt to show the climatic characteristics in Libya. In the third part, observed temporal and spatial climate change in Libya was investigated through the trends of temperature, precipitation, relative humidity and cloud amount over the peri-ods (1946-2000), (1946-1975), and (1976-2000), comparing the results with the global scales. The forth part detected the natural and human causes of climate change concentrat-ing on the greenhouse effect. The potential impacts of climate change on Libya were ex-amined in the fifth chapter. As a case study, desertification of Jifara Plain was studied in the sixth part. In the seventh chapter, projections and mitigations of climate change and desertification were discussed. Ultimately, the main results and recommendations of the study were summarized. In order to carry through the objectives outlined above, the following methods and approaches were used: a simple linear regression analysis was computed to detect the trends of climatic parameters over time; a trend test based on a trend-to-noise-ratio was applied for detecting linear or non-linear trends; the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test for trend was used to reveal the behavior of the trends and their significance; PCA was applied to construct the all-Libya climatic parameters trends; aridity index after Walter-Lieth was shown for computing humid respectively arid months in Libya; correlation coefficient, (after Pearson) for detecting the teleconnection between sun spot numbers, NAOI, SOI, GHGs, and global warming, climate changes in Libya; aridity index, after De Martonne, to elaborate the trends of aridity in Jifara Plain; Geographical Information System and Re-mote Sensing techniques were applied to clarify the illustrations and to monitor desertifi-cation of Jifara Plain using the available satellite images MSS, TM, ETM+ and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). The results are explained by 88 tables, 96 figures and 10 photos. Temporal and spatial temperature changes in Libya indicated remarkably different an-nual and seasonal trends over the long observation period 1946-2000 and the short obser-vation periods 1946-1975 and 1976-2000. Trends of mean annual temperature were posi-tive at all study stations except at one from 1946-2000, negative trends prevailed at most stations from 1946-1975, while strongly positive trends were computed at all study stations from 1976-2000 corresponding with the global warming trend. Positive trends of mean minimum temperatures were observed at all reference stations from 1946-2000 and 1976-2000, while negative trends prevailed at most stations over the period 1946-1975. For mean maximum temperature, positive trends were shown from 1946-2000 and from 1976-2000 at most stations, while most trends were negative from 1946-1975. Minimum tem-peratures increased at nearly more than twice the rate of maximum temperatures at most stations. In respect of seasonal temperature, warming mostly occurred in summer and au-tumn in contrast to the global observations identifying warming mostly in winter and spring in both study periods. Precipitation across Libya is characterized by scanty and sporadically totals, as well as high intensities and very high spatial and temporal variabilities. From 1946-2000, large inter-annual and intra-annual variabilities were observed. Positive trends of annual precipi-tation totals have been observed from 1946-2000, negative trends from 1976-2000 at most stations. Variabilities of seasonal precipitation over Libya are more strikingly experienced from 1976-2000 than from 1951-1975 indicating a growing magnitude of climate change in more recent times. Negative trends of mean annual relative humidity were computed at eight stations, while positive trends prevailed at seven stations from 1946-2000. For the short observation period 1976-2000, positive trends were computed at most stations. Annual cloud amount totals decreased at most study stations in Libya over both long and short periods. Re-markably large spatial variations of climate changes were observed from north to south over Libya. Causes of climate change were discussed showing high correlation between tempera-ture increasing over Libya and CO2 emissions; weakly positive correlation between pre-cipitation and North Atlantic Oscillation index; negative correlation between temperature and sunspot numbers; negative correlation between precipitation over Libya and Southern Oscillation Index. The years 1992 and 1993 were shown as the coldest in the 1990s result-ing from the eruption of Mount Pinatubo, 1991. r Libya is affected by climate change in many ways, in particular, crop production and food security, water resources, human health, population settlement and biodiversity. But the effects of climate change depend on its magnitude and the rate with which it occurs. Jifara Plain, located in northwestern Libya, has been seriously exposed to desertifica-tion as a result of climate change, landforms, overgrazing, over-cultivation and population growth. Soils have been degraded, vegetation cover disappeared and the groundwater wells were getting dry in many parts. The effect of desertification on Jifara Plain appears through reducing soil fertility and crop productivity, leading to long-term declines in agri-cultural yields, livestock yields, plant standing biomass, and plant biodiversity. Desertifi-cation has also significant implications on livestock industry and the national economy. Desertification accelerates migration from rural and nomadic areas to urban areas as the land cannot support the original inhabitants. In the absence of major shifts in policy, economic growth, energy prices, and con-sumer trends, climate change in Libya and desertification of Jifara Plain are expected to continue in the future. Libya cooperated with United Nations and other international organizations. It has signed and ratified a number of international and regional agreements which effectively established a policy framework for actions to mitigate climate change and combat deserti-fication. Libya has implemented several laws and legislative acts, with a number of ancil-lary and supplementary rules to regulate. Despite the current efforts and ongoing projects being undertaken in Libya in the field of climate change and desertification, urgent actions and projects are needed to mitigate climate change and combat desertification in the near future.

The context, the man, and the movement -- Theory of prayer: worship, individualism, and authenticity -- The Quran and the hermeneutics of semantic fluidity -- Determinism, free will, and divine punishment -- From the first to the second message of Islam -- Evolution, sharia, and art -- Conclusion

Mahmud Muhammad Taha founded the Jumhuri (Republican) Party in 1945 in the context of the fight for Sudan's independence. The nature of the party's ideology went through a radical change after Taha emerged from a mystical retreat in 1951. In the light of this ideology, the party advocated a "neo-Islamist" position committed to a reconciliation of Islam & modernity. Some of Taha's social & political stances are critically examined. Particular attention is paid to the reasons at the root of the demise of the Jumhuri movement after Taha's execution in Jan of 1985. Adapted from the source document.

Mahmoud reviews 'Qur'an, Liberation and Pluralism: An Islamic Perspective of Interreligious Solidarity against Oppression' by Farid Esack.