Suchergebnisse

ASI adalah cairan hasil sekresi kelenjar payudara Ibu, dan eksklusif apabila diberikan pada bayi sejak kelahiran hingga 6 bulan tanpa menambahkan dan atau mengganti dengan minuman yang lain kecuali obat. Pemberian ASI Eksklusif dapat menurunkan angka kesakitan dan kematian pada bayi. Cakupan ASI Eksklusif di Kelurahan Ampel sejumlah 59,2% dari 1418 balita hal ini menunjukkan capaian ASI Eksklusif di Kelurahan Ampel dibawah standar (77%). Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah memberdayakan masyarakat untuk meningkatkan pemberian ASI Eksklusif di Kelurahan Ampel Kota Surabaya. Manfaat kegiatan ini untuk memandirikan masyarakat dalam meningkatkan status kesehatan masyarakat khususnya dalam pemenuhan ASI Eksklusif di Kelurahan Ampel.Metode pelaksanaan kegiatan ini berupa FGD dan indepth interview yang diikuti oleh 10 ibu, penyuluhan yang diikuti oleh 44 orang, leadership, dan kaderisasi pemantau pemberian ASI Eksklusif yang diikuti oleh 7 orang. Hasil FGD menunjukkan bahwa perlu adanya intervensi di bidang kesehatan tentang pemberian ASI Eksklusif di Kelurahan Ampel. Inovasi kegiatan yang dapat dilakukan untuk meningkatkan pemberian ASI Eksklusif melalui program ASI eKsklusif Bayi kUat (ASIK BU). Program ASIK BU di Kelurahan Ampel dilakukan melalui kegiatan yang berupa kaderisasi karang taruna dan penyuluhan kepada WUS, Bumil dan Busui. Saran dari kegiatan ini berupa perlu adanya pemantauan dari penanggung jawab puskesmas Sidotopo secara berkala untuk melakukan monitoring dan evaluasi terhadap pelaksanaan program ASIK BU. Diharapkan masyarakatberkomitmen penuh dalam melaksanakan program ASIK BU. Pemerintah setempat dapat memberikan dukungan sosial maupun material salah satunya dalam bentuk pemberian penghargaan kepada kader dan ibu yang dapat memberikan ASI secara eksklusif. ABSTRACT Breastmilk is a fluid secretion from mother mammary gland, and called exclusive when breastmilk given to newborn until six months without adding and or replace with another fluid except medicine. Exclusive Breastfeeding can reduce infant morbidity and mortality rate. Breastfeed performance at Ampel Village is 59,2% from 1418 infants. It showed that is under standard of breastfeed (77%). Aim of this program is made empowerment to increase exclusive breastfeed performance at Ampel Village. Benefit of this program is Ampel People can increase health status especially exclusive breastfeed by themselves. Method of this program by using FGD, indepth interview that followed by 10 mothers, health education was followed 44 people. Leadership and forming of breastfeed cadres is followed by 7 peoples. FGD Result showed that necessity of health intervention especially exclusive breastfed monitoring at Ampel Village. Innovation can be done by ASI eKsklusif Bayi kUat (ASIK BU) program. ASIK BU at Ampel village done by forming of breastfeed cadres and gave health education to fertile woman, breastfeed mother, and pregnant woman. Recommendation of this program isperiodically monitored and evaluated by Puskesmas Sidotopo. Ampel Village people must put fully committed for this program. Government should support socially and materially which one by giving reward to mother who finished exclusive breastfeed and cadre who helping mother.

Background: Indonesia is now still suffering from malnutrition. It was reported that at least 1.39% out of 136,155 children under-five in Surabaya were severely. Severe malnutrition caused by direct factors including infectious diseases and food intake. Therefore, an alternative to overcome that problem is crucial, such as using snail flour for a weaning food. Snail is known as one of the good protein source with complete essential amino acid.Objective: This research aims to determine the effect of snail biscuit (Achatina fulica) toward z-score improvement in severely malnourished children under five according weight for age and height for age index in Ujung sub-district, Surabaya.Methods: This was an experimental research which divided into two groups; case group that given snail biscuit for a month and control group that given coconut biscuit in a same time period. Paired t-test was done to analyze the different between before and after treatment.Results: The result showed that there was no effect of snail biscuit to weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) improvement in children under five (p-value>0.05). However, a month snail biscuit intervention improved height-for-age z-score (HAZ) in children under five (p-value=0.02); while the control group did not show significant result (p-value=0.84). The strength of intervention shown by Exp(B) value=1.02 means that children under five who consume snail biscuit for a month had 1.02 higher height-for-age z-score improvement compared to those who consumed coconut biscuit.Conclusion: It can be concluded that snail biscuit give better improvement of nutritional status based on height-for-age z-score compared to coconut biscuit in malnourished children under five. It is suggested for the intervention study to expand intervention period to 90 days similar to government supplementary feeding intervention. ABSTRAK Latar belakang: Malnutrisi masih menjadi masalah gizi utama yang dialami di Indonesia. Dinas Kesehatan Kota Surabaya pada tahun 2009 melaporkan sebesar 1,888 (1.39%) dari 136,155 balita mengalami gizi buruk. Penyebab gizi buruk terdiri dari faktor langsung dan tidak langsung, dimana faktor langsung terdiri dari penyakit infeksi dan asupan makanan. Salah satu alternatif yang dapat digunakan adalah penggunaan tepung bekicot sebagai makanan pendamping. Bekicot diketahui sebagai salah satu sumber protein dengan kandungan asam amino esensial yang lengkap.Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek pemberian biskuit bekicot (Achatina fulica) pada perbaikan z-score berat badan menurut usia dan tinggi badan menurut usia balita gizi buruk di Kelurahan Ujung, Surabaya.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi eksperimental dengan pembagian dua kelompok; kelompok intervensi yang diberikan biskuit bekicot selama 30 hari dan kelompok kontrol yang diberikan biskuit kelapa dalam jangka waktu yang sama. Uji statistik yang digunakan yaitu paired t-test.Hasil: Hasil analisis menunjukkan tidak ada efek pemberian biskuit bekicot selama satu bulan pada indeks status gizi berat badan menurut umur (BB/U) (P-value>0,05). Namun, intervensi pemberian biskuit bekicot secara statistik mempengaruhi perbaikan status gizi tinggi badan menurut usia (TB/U) pada balita gizi buruk, sedangkan biskuit kelapa tidak mempengaruhi TB/U balita gizi buruk (P-value=0.84). Kekuatan pengaruh intervensi berdasarkan perhitungan Exp(B)=1.02, artinya bahwa balita gizi buruk yang mengonsumsi biskuit bekicot memiliki 1.02 kali perbaikan yang lebih baik pada status gizi TB/U dibandingkan balita yang mengonsumsi biskuit kelapa.Kesimpulan: Dapat disimpulkan bahwa biskuit bekicot dapat menjadi alternatif perbaikan status gizi balita gizi buruk. Penelitian selanjutnya disarankan dapat memperpanjang durasi intervensi hingga 90 hari seperti anjuran pemerintah dalam pemberian makan tambahan.

Abstract
Exposure to mycotoxins in food is largely unavoidable, and concerns about their health effects are growing. Consumption of vegetable oils such as peanuts oil has increased, hence several studies have been conducted on concentration of aflatoxins (AFs) in peanuts oil. Search was performed in Scopus and PubMed databases on prevalence and concentration of AFs in peanuts oil from 1 January 2005 to 15 April 29, 2022. Prevalence and concentration of AFs in peanuts oil was meta-analyzed based on country and type of AFs subgroups. In addition, health risk was calculated using monte carlo simulation method. Pooled prevalence of AFB1 in peanuts oil was 47.9%; AFB2, 46.45%; AFG1, 46.92% and AFG2, 54.01%. The Overall prevalence of AFTs was 49.30%, 95%CI (35.80–62.84%). Pooled concentration of AFB1 in peanuts oil was 2.30 μg/kg; AFB2, 0.77 μg/kg; AFG1, 0.07 μg/kg; AFG1, 0.28 μg/kg. The sort of country based on mean of MOEs in the adults consumers was Japan (47,059) > China (17,670) > Ethiopia (7,398) > Sudan (6,974) > USA (1,012) and sort of country based on mean of MOEs in the children was Japan (120,994) > China (46,991) > Ethiopia (19,251) > Sudan (18,200) > USA (2,620). Therefore, adults consumers were in considerable health risk in Ethiopia, Sudan and USA and for children in USA (MOE < 10,000).

Abstract
Exposure to mycotoxins such as aflatoxins can endanger human health, especially infants and children. In this study, an attempt was made to retrieved studies related to the concentration of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and ochratoxin A (OTA). Search was performed in international databases such as Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for the period 1 January 2010 to 20 February 2023. Then, the pooled concentration in the defined subgroups was calculated using meta-analysis and the health risk assessment was conducted by margin of exposure (MOEs). Thirty-one scientific papers with 34 data reports (Sample size=2,277) were included in our study. The lowest and highest prevalence of AFM1 in cheese was related to El Salvador (12.18 %) and Serbia (100.00 %). The pooled prevalence of AFM1 was 49.85 %, 95 %CI (37.93–61.78 %). The lowest and highest prevalence of OTA in cheese was related to Türkiye (6.67 %) and Italy (44.21 %). The pooled prevalence of OTA was 35.64 %, 95 %CI (17.16–56.44 %). Health risk of AFM1 revealed that except Pakistan and Iran, MOE in the other countries was lower than 10,000 for adults and also except Pakistan, MOE for other countries was lower than 10,000 for children. Health risk of OTA revealed that except Greece, MOE in the other countries was higher than 10,000 for adults and also except Germany and Greece, MOE for other countries was higher than 10,000 for children. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct control plans to reduce the concentration of mycotoxins in cheese, especially AFM1.

Abstract
The presence of trace elements such as lithium (Li) in water resources in the long term can endanger consumers' health. Several studies have been conducted on Li concentration in water sources; hence, this study attempted to retrieve studies using a systematic search. The search was conducted in Web of Sciences, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus databases from 1 January 2010 to 15 January 2023. Li concentration was meta-analyzed based on the type of water resources and countries subgroups in the random effects model (REM) statistical analysis. In addition, health risk assessment in different age groups was calculated using the target hazard quotient (THQ). This study included 76 papers with 157 data reports in our meta-analysis. The overall pooled concentration of Li was 5.374 (95 % CI: 5.261–5.487 μg/L). The pooled concentration of Li in groundwater (40.407 μg/L) was 14.53 times surface water (2.785 μg/L). The highest water Li content was attributed to Mexico (2,209.05 μg/L), Bolivia (1,444.05 μg/L), Iraq (1,350 μg/L), and Argentina (516.39 μg/L). At the same time, the lowest water Li content was associated with Morocco (1.20 μg/L), Spain (0.46 μg/L), and India (0.13 μg/L). THQ due to Li in water resources in consumers of Iraq, Mexico, South Africa, Afghanistan, Bolivia, Portugal, Malawi, South Korea, Nepal, South Korea, Argentina, and the USA was higher than 1 value. Therefore, continuous monitoring of Li concentration in water sources and reducing Li concentration, especially in groundwater water, using new water treatment processes in these countries are recommended.

Abstract
Contamination of food with mycotoxins can pose harmful effects on the health of consumers in the long term. Coffee contamination with mycotoxins has become a global concern. This study attempted to meta-analyze the concentration and prevalence of ochratoxin A (OTA) in coffee products and estimate consumers' health risks. The search was conducted among international databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science, for 1 January 2010 to 1 May 2022. The concentration and prevalence of OTA in coffee products were meta-analyzed according to country subgroups. Health risk assessment was conducted based on Margin of Exposures (MOEs) using the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) technique. The three countries that had the highest Pooled concentration of OTA in coffee were observed in Chile (100.00%), Kuwait (100.00%), and France (100.00%). The overall prevalence of OTA in coffee products was 58.01%, 95% CI (48.37–67.39). The three countries that had the highest concentration of OTA were Philippines (39.55 μg/kg) > Turkey (39.32 μg/kg) > and Panama (21.33 μg/kg). The mean of MOEs in the adult consumers in Panama (9,526) and the Philippines (8,873) was lower than 10,000, while the mean of MOEs in other countries was higher than 10,000. Therefore, monitoring and control plans should be carried out in different countries.

Abstract
Most agricultural products are exposed to pesticides. Organochlorine (OCPs) insecticides have been banned for years due to their persistence in the environment and lipophilic properties. On the other hand, some carcinogenic organophosphates are used in high amounts. Therefore, this systematic review was performed with the keywords; pesticide, carcinogenic, carcinogen, residue, contamination, pollution, and food to determine the type of food and pesticide. 663 manuscripts were found by searching in databases. After initial screening and quality assessment of full text, 26 manuscripts were selected. In this study, by reviewing selected manuscripts, about 13 pesticides were associated with carcinogenic effects. These pesticides were Chlorothalonil, Glyphosate, Tetrachlorvinphos, Parathion, Malathion, Diazinon, heptachlor, Hexachlorobenzene, aldrin, dieldrin, DDT, chlordane, Lindane. Most of these pesticides were organochlorine. The organochlorine pesticides are primarily detected in foods of animal origin. In some studies, the amount of carcinogenic organochlorine was higher than the permissible levels. From the carcinogenic herbicide, Glyphosate. An important finding of this systematic review is that carcinogenic organochlorines are still a threat to cancer incidence.

Abstract
A new health threat was appeared in 2019 known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The new coronavirus distributed all over the world and caused millions of deaths. One way to incomplete the process of COVID-19 transfer from one person to another is using disinfectants. A narrative review study was done on manuscript published documents about the stability of the virus, different types of disinfectants and the effects of disinfectants on SARS-CoV2 and environment from 2005 to 2022 based on Searched databases included Google Scholar, Springer, PubMed, Web of Science and Science Direct (Scopus). All relevant studies published 2005 until 2022 gathered. According to the databases, 670 articles were retrieved. Thirty studies were screened after review and 30 full-text articles entered into the analysis process. Finally, 14 articles were selected in this study. New coronavirus could survive until 9 days in room temperature; the surviving time decreases if temperature increases. The virus can survive in various plastic, glass, and metal surfaces for hours to days. Disinfectants, such as alcohol, isopropanol, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, and ethanol, can kill 70–90% viruses in up to 30 s but should be noted that these disinfectants are recognized by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) as a potential carcinogen. According to the different reports, increased duration and level of disinfectant exposure can have negative impacts on human and animal health including upper and lower respiratory tract irritation, inflammation, edema, ulceration, and allergic reactions.

Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBP-A) is an emerging pollutant that enters water resources and affects various marine organisms, such as fish. Consequently, numerous studies globally investigated TBBP-A concentrations in fish fillets of the current study were meta-analyze concentration of TBBP-A in fish fillets and estimate the associated health risks for consumers. The search encompassed international databases, including Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science from January 1, 2005, to July 20, 2023. The ranking of countries based on the pooled (Mean) concentration of TBBP-A in fish was as follows: China (1.157 µg/kg-ww) > Czech Republic (1.027 µg/kg-ww) > France (0.500 µg/kg-ww) ∼ Switzerland (0.500 µg/kg-ww) > Netherlands (0.405 µg/kg-ww) > Germany (0.33 µg/kg-ww) > Sweden (0.165 µg/kg-ww)>UK (0.078 µg/kg-ww) > Belgium (0.065 µg/kg-ww) > South Korea (0.013 µg/kg-ww) ∼ Japan (0.013 µg/kg-ww) > Ireland (0.005 µg/kg-ww). The risk assessment showed that the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of TBBP-A in China and France are higher compared to other countries; however, within all countries, these risks were found to be within acceptable limits.