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Abstract
The presence of non-Arctic and non-European countries in the Arctic has been growing over the past two decades. Given the geographic distance of these countries from the polar region, their presence in the High North may seem surprising. In this article, we study the presence in Svalbard of scientists from different origins and how they interact through an analysis of the field missions in which they are involved. Combining network analysis and interviews, we highlight the role of the stations located in the archipelago for access to the field and the cooperation strategies of scientists, including those from countries that do not have stations above the Arctic Circle. We tackle issues of integration in this area by empirically discussing three logics: (1) scientific autonomy, (2) core-periphery structure, and (3) regional patterns of cooperation, thus going beyond an approach strictly limited to the analysis of science diplomacy policies.

Recent literature recognises the importance of situating social networks in spatial context. Yet, the spatial analysis of personal networks has often been limited to examining residential distances between actors. While distance is a central characteristic of social relationships, it is a poor indicator for understanding the intricacies of the geographical space, places and personal networks. This study develops an original approach for mapping and analysing personal networks based on their geographical scope and the distribution of the residential locations of network members in relevant geographical areas. We perform a factor and cluster analysis to identify the major geographical patterns of personal networks using two samples of egocentric networks from France and Switzerland. We validate the approach first by interpreting the patterns both quantitatively and qualitatively, and second by examining how these patterns relate to important social characteristics of respondents and their personal networks. We conclude by discussing the significance of this approach for integrating geographical information into the analysis of personal networks and for rethinking networks and the geographical space as co‐constituted.

Scientific production is undergoing a gradual process of democratization. Over the past 50 years, a growing number of cities and countries have joined the global scientific community, and are making a signifi-cant impact. A more balanced distribution of paper citations means greater equity between researchers regardless of their location. These changes have not gone unnoticed in traditional science hotspots, such as London, Paris and Tokyo, but those cities need not fear relinquishing their dominance in the foresee-able future. The observed spatial dispersal of knowledge production is driven by the emer-gence of new centres of higher education and innovation, not productivity losses at the top, and the newcomers have much ground to catch up.

International audience ; Scientific production is undergoing a gradual process of democratization. Over the past 50 years, a growing number of cities and countries have joined the global scientific community, and are making a signifi-cant impact. A more balanced distribution of paper citations means greater equity between researchers regardless of their location. These changes have not gone unnoticed in traditional science hotspots, such as London, Paris and Tokyo, but those cities need not fear relinquishing their dominance in the foresee-able future. The observed spatial dispersal of knowledge production is driven by the emer-gence of new centres of higher education and innovation, not productivity losses at the top, and the newcomers have much ground to catch up.

International audience ; Scientific production is undergoing a gradual process of democratization. Over the past 50 years, a growing number of cities and countries have joined the global scientific community, and are making a signifi-cant impact. A more balanced distribution of paper citations means greater equity between researchers regardless of their location. These changes have not gone unnoticed in traditional science hotspots, such as London, Paris and Tokyo, but those cities need not fear relinquishing their dominance in the foresee-able future. The observed spatial dispersal of knowledge production is driven by the emer-gence of new centres of higher education and innovation, not productivity losses at the top, and the newcomers have much ground to catch up.

International audience ; Scientific production is undergoing a gradual process of democratization. Over the past 50 years, a growing number of cities and countries have joined the global scientific community, and are making a signifi-cant impact. A more balanced distribution of paper citations means greater equity between researchers regardless of their location. These changes have not gone unnoticed in traditional science hotspots, such as London, Paris and Tokyo, but those cities need not fear relinquishing their dominance in the foresee-able future. The observed spatial dispersal of knowledge production is driven by the emer-gence of new centres of higher education and innovation, not productivity losses at the top, and the newcomers have much ground to catch up.

International audience ; Parmi les discours sur la science, ceux qui intègrent la question spatiale sont parfois peu fondés empirique- ment ou bien s'appuient sur des analyses dont la résolution géographique est peu questionnée. Étant donné le rôle que ces discours ont pris au cours de la dernière décennie pour légitimer un ensemble de politiques nationales de concentration des moyens de la recherche, il est devenu urgent de mettre au point une mé- thode d'analyse qui puisse faire émerger des résultats sur la géographie mondiale des activités scientifiques et son évolution. Notre travail répond à ce besoin en mobilisant les données bibliographiques du Web of Science, une base américaine de référence. Pour la première fois dans l'histoire de la scientométrie spatiale, le contenu intégral du Web of Science à plusieurs dates (1999-2001 et 2006-2008) a été traité au niveau de résolution le plus fin possible à l'échelle mondiale, celui de l'agglomération urbaine. Deux catégories de données sont exploitées : les données de production qui reposent sur le nombre de publications dont on étudie la répartition par ville et par pays et les données de collaboration obtenues à partir du nombre de co-publications dont on extrait des matrices d'échange entre villes qui font l'objet d'une analyse de ré- seau. Les résultats de ces traitements spatialisés permettent d'une part de mesurer l'évolution du degré de concentration de la production scientifique et du degré d'internationalisation de la production scientifique. Ils permettent d'autre part de faire ressortir les structures territoriales dans lesquelles l'activité scientifique contemporaine s'organise à plusieurs niveaux géographiques, du niveau local au niveau mondial en passant par le niveau national et macro-régional.

International audience ; Parmi les discours sur la science, ceux qui intègrent la question spatiale sont parfois peu fondés empirique- ment ou bien s'appuient sur des analyses dont la résolution géographique est peu questionnée. Étant donné le rôle que ces discours ont pris au cours de la dernière décennie pour légitimer un ensemble de politiques nationales de concentration des moyens de la recherche, il est devenu urgent de mettre au point une mé- thode d'analyse qui puisse faire émerger des résultats sur la géographie mondiale des activités scientifiques et son évolution. Notre travail répond à ce besoin en mobilisant les données bibliographiques du Web of Science, une base américaine de référence. Pour la première fois dans l'histoire de la scientométrie spatiale, le contenu intégral du Web of Science à plusieurs dates (1999-2001 et 2006-2008) a été traité au niveau de résolution le plus fin possible à l'échelle mondiale, celui de l'agglomération urbaine. Deux catégories de données sont exploitées : les données de production qui reposent sur le nombre de publications dont on étudie la répartition par ville et par pays et les données de collaboration obtenues à partir du nombre de co-publications dont on extrait des matrices d'échange entre villes qui font l'objet d'une analyse de ré- seau. Les résultats de ces traitements spatialisés permettent d'une part de mesurer l'évolution du degré de concentration de la production scientifique et du degré d'internationalisation de la production scientifique. Ils permettent d'autre part de faire ressortir les structures territoriales dans lesquelles l'activité scientifique contemporaine s'organise à plusieurs niveaux géographiques, du niveau local au niveau mondial en passant par le niveau national et macro-régional.

Recent literature recognises the importance of situating social networks in spatial contexts to better understand how space, place, and social networks interact and are co‐constituted. Despite this call, the mainstream literature in social network analysis pays relatively little attention to spatial dimensions of social networks and remains largely disconnected from the vast body of research on spatial networks in geography and cognate fields. This thematic issue is one step towards advancing this research agenda by examining how such an approach relates to issues of social inclusion and social participation. It includes a selection of studies that focus on the relation between space and social networks across a wide variety of research fields and contexts. Contributions use original, often mixed‐method approaches and multiple perspectives for capturing the role of space and people's experience of place in network formation through physical, cultural, and geographical dimensions. We conclude this editorial by briefly suggesting areas for future research.

In social processes, long-term trends can be influenced or disrupted by various factors, including public policy. When public policies depend on a misrepresentation of trends in the areas they are aimed at, they become random and disruptive, which can be interpreted as a source of disorder. Here we consider policies on the spatial organization of the French Higher Education and Research system, which reflects the authorities' hypothesis that scientific excellence is the prerogative of a few large urban agglomerations. By geographically identifying all the French publications listed in the Web of Science databases between 1999 and 2017, we highlight a spatial deconcentration trend, which has slowed down in recent years due to a freezed growth of the teaching force. This deconcentration continues, however, to sustain the growth of scientific production in small and medium-sized towns. An examination of the large conurbations shows the relative decline of sites that nevertheless have been highlighted as examples to be followed by the Excellence policies (Strasbourg among others). The number of students and faculty has grown less there, and it is a plaussible explanation for the relative decline in scientific production. We show that the publication output of a given site depends directly and strongly on the number of researchers hosted there. Based on precise data at the French level, our results confirm what is already known at world scale. In conclusion, we question the amount of disorder resulting from policies aligned with poorly assessed trends. ; Dans les processus sociaux, les tendances de long terme peuvent être infléchies ou perturbées par différents facteurs, parmi lesquels figurent les politiques publiques. Lorsque les politiques publiques se fondent sur une représentation erronée des tendances à l'oeuvre dans les domaines qu'elles visent, elles prennent un caractère aléatoire et perturbateur, que l'on peut interpréter comme une source de désordre. Dans ce texte, nous prenons le cas des politiques ...

In social processes, long-term trends can be influenced or disrupted by various factors, including public policy. When public policies depend on a misrepresentation of trends in the areas they are aimed at, they become random and disruptive, which can be interpreted as a source of disorder. Here we consider policies on the spatial organization of the French Higher Education and Research system, which reflects the authorities' hypothesis that scientific excellence is the prerogative of a few large urban agglomerations. By geographically identifying all the French publications listed in the Web of Science databases between 1999 and 2017, we highlight a spatial deconcentration trend, which has slowed down in recent years due to a freezed growth of the teaching force. This deconcentration continues, however, to sustain the growth of scientific production in small and medium-sized towns. An examination of the large conurbations shows the relative decline of sites that nevertheless have been highlighted as examples to be followed by the Excellence policies (Strasbourg among others). The number of students and faculty has grown less there, and it is a plaussible explanation for the relative decline in scientific production. We show that the publication output of a given site depends directly and strongly on the number of researchers hosted there. Based on precise data at the French level, our results confirm what is already known at world scale. In conclusion, we question the amount of disorder resulting from policies aligned with poorly assessed trends. ; Dans les processus sociaux, les tendances de long terme peuvent être infléchies ou perturbées par différents facteurs, parmi lesquels figurent les politiques publiques. Lorsque les politiques publiques se fondent sur une représentation erronée des tendances à l'oeuvre dans les domaines qu'elles visent, elles prennent un caractère aléatoire et perturbateur, que l'on peut interpréter comme une source de désordre. Dans ce texte, nous prenons le cas des politiques ...

In social processes, long-term trends can be influenced or disrupted by various factors, including public policy. When public policies depend on a misrepresentation of trends in the areas they are aimed at, they become random and disruptive, which can be interpreted as a source of disorder. Here we consider policies on the spatial organization of the French Higher Education and Research system, which reflects the authorities' hypothesis that scientific excellence is the prerogative of a few large urban agglomerations. By geographically identifying all the French publications listed in the Web of Science databases between 1999 and 2017, we highlight a spatial deconcentration trend, which has slowed down in recent years due to a freezed growth of the teaching force. This deconcentration continues, however, to sustain the growth of scientific production in small and medium-sized towns. An examination of the large conurbations shows the relative decline of sites that nevertheless have been highlighted as examples to be followed by the Excellence policies (Strasbourg among others). The number of students and faculty has grown less there, and it is a plaussible explanation for the relative decline in scientific production. We show that the publication output of a given site depends directly and strongly on the number of researchers hosted there. Based on precise data at the French level, our results confirm what is already known at world scale. In conclusion, we question the amount of disorder resulting from policies aligned with poorly assessed trends. ; Dans les processus sociaux, les tendances de long terme peuvent être infléchies ou perturbées par différents facteurs, parmi lesquels figurent les politiques publiques. Lorsque les politiques publiques se fondent sur une représentation erronée des tendances à l'oeuvre dans les domaines qu'elles visent, elles prennent un caractère aléatoire et perturbateur, que l'on peut interpréter comme une source de désordre. Dans ce texte, nous prenons le cas des politiques ...

In social processes, long-term trends can be influenced or disrupted by various factors, including public policy. When public policies depend on a misrepresentation of trends in the areas they are aimed at, they become random and disruptive, which can be interpreted as a source of disorder. Here we consider policies on the spatial organization of the French Higher Education and Research system, which reflects the authorities' hypothesis that scientific excellence is the prerogative of a few large urban agglomerations. By geographically identifying all the French publications listed in the Web of Science databases between 1999 and 2017, we highlight a spatial deconcentration trend, which has slowed down in recent years due to a freezed growth of the teaching force. This deconcentration continues, however, to sustain the growth of scientific production in small and medium-sized towns. An examination of the large conurbations shows the relative decline of sites that nevertheless have been highlighted as examples to be followed by the Excellence policies (Strasbourg among others). The number of students and faculty has grown less there, and it is a plaussible explanation for the relative decline in scientific production. We show that the publication output of a given site depends directly and strongly on the number of researchers hosted there. Based on precise data at the French level, our results confirm what is already known at world scale. In conclusion, we question the amount of disorder resulting from policies aligned with poorly assessed trends. ; Dans les processus sociaux, les tendances de long terme peuvent être infléchies ou perturbées par différents facteurs, parmi lesquels figurent les politiques publiques. Lorsque les politiques publiques se fondent sur une représentation erronée des tendances à l'oeuvre dans les domaines qu'elles visent, elles prennent un caractère aléatoire et perturbateur, que l'on peut interpréter comme une source de désordre. Dans ce texte, nous prenons le cas des politiques ...

In social processes, long-term trends can be influenced or disrupted by various factors, including public policy. When public policies depend on a misrepresentation of trends in the areas they are aimed at, they become random and disruptive, which can be interpreted as a source of disorder. Here we consider policies on the spatial organization of the French Higher Education and Research system, which reflects the authorities' hypothesis that scientific excellence is the prerogative of a few large urban agglomerations. By geographically identifying all the French publications listed in the Web of Science databases between 1999 and 2017, we highlight a spatial deconcentration trend, which has slowed down in recent years due to a freezed growth of the teaching force. This deconcentration continues, however, to sustain the growth of scientific production in small and medium-sized towns. An examination of the large conurbations shows the relative decline of sites that nevertheless have been highlighted as examples to be followed by the Excellence policies (Strasbourg among others). The number of students and faculty has grown less there, and it is a plaussible explanation for the relative decline in scientific production. We show that the publication output of a given site depends directly and strongly on the number of researchers hosted there. Based on precise data at the French level, our results confirm what is already known at world scale. In conclusion, we question the amount of disorder resulting from policies aligned with poorly assessed trends. ; Dans les processus sociaux, les tendances de long terme peuvent être infléchies ou perturbées par différents facteurs, parmi lesquels figurent les politiques publiques. Lorsque les politiques publiques se fondent sur une représentation erronée des tendances à l'oeuvre dans les domaines qu'elles visent, elles prennent un caractère aléatoire et perturbateur, que l'on peut interpréter comme une source de désordre. Dans ce texte, nous prenons le cas des politiques ...