Three studies investigated the role of intergroup satisfaction in intergroup conflict. After reading about real acts of aggression committed by an ingroup, participants reported how those actions made them feel and how much they would support similar aggression in the future. In all three studies, experiencing intergroup satisfaction increased support for similar aggression, whereas experiencing intergroup guilt decreased support for similar aggression. Study 2 showed that ingroup identification increased justification appraisals, which increased satisfaction and decreased guilt, and thus increased support for future aggression. Study 3 provided an experimental test of the model: when justification appraisals were manipulated, emotion and support for further aggression changed accordingly. These findings demonstrate conditions under which intergroup satisfaction can facilitate and sustain intergroup conflict.
In: Kosakowska-Berezecka , N , Besta , T , Bosson , J K , Jurek , P , Vandello , J A , Best , D L , Wlodarczyk , A , Safdar , S , Zawisza , M , Zadkowska , M , Sobiecki , J , Agyemang , C B , Akbas , G , Ammirati , S , Anderson , J , Anjum , G , Aruta , J J B R , Ashraf , M , Bakaityte , A , Bi , C , Becker , M , Bender , M , Berxulli , D , Bosak , J , Daalmans , S , Dandy , J , de Lemus , S , Dvorianchikov , N , Etchezahar , E , Froehlich , L , Gavreliuc , A , Gavreliuc , D , Gomez , A , Greijdanus , H , Grigoryan , A , Hale , M-L , Hamer , H , Hoorens , V , Hutchings , P B , Jensen , D H , Kelmendi , K , Khachatryan , N , Kinahan , M , Kozlowski , D , Lauri , M A , Li , J , Maitner , A T , Makashvili , A , Mancini , T , Martiny , S E , Dordevic , J M , Moreno-Bella , E , Moscatelli , S , Moynihan , A B , Muller , D , Ochoa , D , Adebayo , S O , Pacilli , M G , Palacio , J , Patnaik , S , Pavlopoulos , V , Piterova , I , Puzio , A , Pyrkosz-Pacyna , J , Renteria-Perez , E , Rousseaux , T , Sainz , M , Salvati , M , Samekin , A , Garcia-Sanchez , E , Schindler , S , Sherbaji , S , Sobhie , R , Sulejmanovic , D , Sullivan , K E , Torre , B , Torres , C , Ungaretti , J , Valshtein , T , Van Laar , C , van der Noll , J , Vasiutynskyi , V , Vohra , N , Zapata-Calvente , A L & Zukauskiene , R 2020 , ' Country-level and individual-level predictors of men's support for gender equality in 42 countries ' , European Journal of Social Psychology , vol. 50 , no. 6 , pp. 1276-1291 . https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2696
Men sometimes withdraw support for gender equality movements when their higher gender status is threatened. Here, we expand the focus of this phenomenon by examining it cross-culturally, to test if both individual- and country-level variables predict men's collective action intentions to support gender equality. We tested a model in which men's zero-sum beliefs about gender predict reduced collective action intentions via an increase in hostile sexism. Because country-level gender equality may threaten men's higher gender status, we also examined whether the path from zero-sum beliefs to collective action intentions was stronger in countries higher in gender equality. Multilevel modeling on 6,734 men from 42 countries supported the individual-level mediation model, but found no evidence of moderation by country-level gender equality. Both country-level gender equality and individual-level zero-sum thinking independently predicted reductions in men's willingness to act collectively for gender equality.
In: Kosakowska-Berezecka , N , Besta , T , Bosson , J K , Jurek , P , Vandello , J A , Best , D L , Wlodarczyk , A , Safdar , S , Zawisza , M , Zadkowska , M , Sobiecki , J , Agyemang , C B , Akbas , G , Ammirati , S , Anderson , J , Anjum , G , Aruta , J J B R , Ashraf , M , Bakaityte , A , Bi , C , Becker , M , Bender , M , Berxulli , D , Bosak , J , Daalmans , S , Dandy , J , de Lemus , S , Dvorianchikov , N , Etchezahar , E , Froehlich , L , Gavreliuc , A , Gavreliuc , D , Gomez , A , Greijdanus , H , Grigoryan , A , Hale , M-L , Hamer , H , Hoorens , V , Hutchings , P B , Jensen , D H , Kelmendi , K , Khachatryan , N , Kinahan , M , Kozlowski , D , Lauri , M A , Li , J , Maitner , A T , Makashvili , A , Mancini , T , Martiny , S E , Dordevic , J M , Moreno-Bella , E , Moscatelli , S , Moynihan , A B , Muller , D , Ochoa , D , Adebayo , S O , Pacilli , M G , Palacio , J , Patnaik , S , Pavlopoulos , V , Piterova , I , Puzio , A , Pyrkosz-Pacyna , J , Renteria-Perez , E , Rousseaux , T , Sainz , M , Salvati , M , Samekin , A , Garcia-Sanchez , E , Schindler , S , Sherbaji , S , Sobhie , R , Sulejmanovic , D , Sullivan , K E , Torre , B , Torres , C , Ungaretti , J , Valshtein , T , Van Laar , C , van der Noll , J , Vasiutynskyi , V , Vohra , N , Zapata-Calvente , A L & Zukauskiene , R 2020 , ' Country-level and Individual-level Predictors of Men's Support for Gender Equality in 42 Countries ' , European Journal of Social Psychology , vol. 50 , no. 6 , pp. 1276-1291 . https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2696 ; ISSN:0046-2772
Men sometimes withdraw support for gender equality movements when their higher gender status is threatened. Here, we expand the focus of this phenomenon by examining it cross-culturally, to test if both individual- and country-level variables predict men's collective action intentions to support gender equality. We tested a model in which men's zero-sum beliefs about gender predict reduced collective action intentions via an increase in hostile sexism. Because country-level gender equality may threaten men's higher gender status, we also examined whether the path from zero-sum beliefs to collective action intentions was stronger in countries higher in gender equality. Multilevel modeling on 6,734 men from 42 countries supported the individual-level mediation model, but found no evidence of moderation by country-level gender equality. Both country-level gender equality and individual-level zero-sum thinking independently predicted reductions in men's willingness to act collectively for gender equality.
In: Klein , R A , Vianello , M , Hasselman , F , Adams , B G , Adams , R B , Alper , S , Aveyard , M , Axt , J R , Babalola , M T , Bahník , Š , Batra , R , Berkics , M , Bernstein , M J , Berry , D R , Bialobrzeska , O , Binan , E D , Bocian , K , Brandt , M J , Busching , R , Rédei , A C , Cai , H , Cambier , F , Cantarero , K , Carmichael , C L , Ceric , F , Chandler , J , Chang , J-H , Chatard , A , Chen , E E , Cheong , W , Cicero , D C , Coen , S , Coleman , J A , Collisson , B , Conway , M A , Corker , K S , Curran , P G , Cushman , F , Dagona , Z K , Dalgar , I , Dalla Rosa , A , Davis , W E , de Bruijn , M , De Schutter , L , Devos , T , de Vries , M , Doğulu , C , Dozo , N , Dukes , K N , Dunham , Y , Durrheim , K , Ebersole , C R , Edlund , J E , Eller , A , English , A S , Finck , C , Frankowska , N , Freyre , M , Friedman , M , Galliani , E M , Gandi , J C , Ghoshal , T , Giessner , S R , Gill , T , Gnambs , T , Gómez , Á , González , R , Graham , J , Grahe , J E , Grahek , I , Green , E G T , Hai , K , Haigh , M , Haines , E L , Hall , M P , Heffernan , M E , Hicks , J A , Houdek , P , Huntsinger , J R , Huynh , H P , Ijzerman , H , Inbar , Y , Innes-ker , Å H , Jiménez-leal , W , John , M , Joy-gaba , J A , Kamiloğlu , R G , Kappes , H B , Karabati , S , Karick , H , Keller , V N , Kende , A , Kervyn , N , Knežević , G , Kovacs , C , Krueger , L E , Kurapov , G , Kurtz , J , Lakens , D , Lazarević , L B , Levitan , C A , Lewis , N A , Lins , S , Lipsey , N P , Losee , J E , Maassen , E , Maitner , A T , Malingumu , W , Mallett , R K , Marotta , S A , Međedović , J , Mena-pacheco , F , Milfont , T L , Morris , W L , Murphy , S C , Myachykov , A , Neave , N , Neijenhuijs , K , Nelson , A J , Neto , F , Lee Nichols , A , Ocampo , A , O'donnell , S L , Oikawa , H , Oikawa , M , Ong , E , Orosz , G , Osowiecka , M , Packard , G , Pérez-sánchez , R , Petrović , B , Pilati , R , Pinter , B , Podesta , L , Pogge , G , Pollmann , M M H , Rutchick , A M , Saavedra , P , Saeri , A K , Salomon , E , Schmidt , K , Schönbrodt , F D , Sekerdej , M B , Sirlopú , D , Skorinko , J L M , Smith , M A , Smith-castro , V , Smolders , K C H J , Sobkow , A , Sowden , W , Spachtholz , P , Srivastava , M , Steiner , T G , Stouten , J , Street , C N H , Sundfelt , O K , Szeto , S , Szumowska , E , Tang , A C W , Tanzer , N , Tear , M J , Theriault , J , Thomae , M , Torres , D , Traczyk , J , Tybur , J M , Ujhelyi , A , Van Aert , R C M , Van Assen , M A L M , Van Der Hulst , M , Van Lange , P A M , Van 't Veer , A E , Vásquez- Echeverría , A , Ann Vaughn , L , Vázquez , A , Vega , L D , Verniers , C , Verschoor , M , Voermans , I P J , Vranka , M A , Welch , C , Wichman , A L , Williams , L A , Wood , M , Woodzicka , J A , Wronska , M K , Young , L , Zelenski , J M , Zhijia , Z & Nosek , B A 2018 , ' Many Labs 2: Investigating Variation in Replicability Across Samples and Settings ' , Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science , vol. 1 , no. 4 , pp. 443-490 . https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245918810225
We conducted preregistered replications of 28 classic and contemporary published findings, with protocols that were peer reviewed in advance, to examine variation in effect magnitudes across samples and settings. Each protocol was administered to approximately half of 125 samples that comprised 15,305 participants from 36 countries and territories. Using the conventional criterion of statistical significance (p < .05), we found that 15 (54%) of the replications provided evidence of a statistically significant effect in the same direction as the original finding. With a strict significance criterion (p < .0001), 14 (50%) of the replications still provided such evidence, a reflection of the extremely high-powered design. Seven (25%) of the replications yielded effect sizes larger than the original ones, and 21 (75%) yielded effect sizes smaller than the original ones. The median comparable Cohen's ds were 0.60 for the original findings and 0.15 for the replications. The effect sizes were small (< 0.20) in 16 of the replications (57%), and 9 effects (32%) were in the direction opposite the direction of the original effect. Across settings, the Q statistic indicated significant heterogeneity in 11 (39%) of the replication effects, and most of those were among the findings with the largest overall effect sizes; only 1 effect that was near zero in the aggregate showed significant heterogeneity according to this measure. Only 1 effect had a tau value greater than .20, an indication of moderate heterogeneity. Eight others had tau values near or slightly above .10, an indication of slight heterogeneity. Moderation tests indicated that very little heterogeneity was attributable to the order in which the tasks were performed or whether the tasks were administered in lab versus online. Exploratory comparisons revealed little heterogeneity between Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) cultures and less WEIRD cultures (i.e., cultures with relatively high and low WEIRDness scores, respectively). Cumulatively, variability in the observed effect sizes was attributable more to the effect being studied than to the sample or setting in which it was studied.