Suchergebnisse

Artykuł koncentruje się na zasadniczej kwestii związanej ze skutkiem, jaki wywołuje unijna zasada niedyskryminacji. Za wstępne założenie badawcze uznano, że głównym celem rozszerzania zakresu jej skuteczności, z czym mamy do czynienia w orzecznictwie Trybunału Sprawiedliwości, jest przede wszystkim chęć ochrony ofiar dyskryminacji, a dopiero w następnej kolejności eliminacja sytuacji, w której podmioty dyskryminujące unikają odpowiedzialności z tego tytułu. Warto się ponadto zastanowić, jakie mogą być konsekwencje przyjętej w orzecznictwie koncepcji, iż tytułowa zasada wywołuje bezpośrednie skutki zarówno wertykalne, jak i horyzontalne. W rezultacie w pierwszej części artykułu przedstawiono rozwój orzecznictwa dotyczącego bezpośredniego skutku zasady niedyskryminacji. Następnie szczegółowo omówiono przełomowe w tym zakresie rozstrzygnięcie w sprawie Cresco Investigation GmbH (C-193/17). Wreszcie analizie poddano przyczyny, zakres oraz możliwe skutki podejścia, zgodnie z którym na unijną zasadę niedyskryminacji można się powołać wprost przed sądami krajowymi również w kontekście sporów między podmiotami prywatnymi. Natomiast we wnioskach końcowych wskazano ewentualne dalsze tendencje rozwojowe w zakresie bezpośredniej skuteczności unijnej zasady niedyskryminacji.

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to present the issue of accessibility for persons with disabilities as an important element of sustainable development, taking into account the activities of the European Union (EU) in this area. Design/Methodology/Approach: The article is based on an approach according to which sustainable development focuses on the quality of life of a human being. The question arises how the EU refers to these problems in its internal and external policies. Therefore, after the analysis of the UN general documents on sustainable development and accessibility for persons with disabilities, the EU programmes, acts and concrete actions concerning these issues are presented and commented on. This legal analysis is supported by critical analysis of literature and available statistical data. Findings: Ensuring access to goods and services for persons with disabilities is vital for sustainable development as one of its main objectives is to improve the quality of life of all human beings. This issue is taken into account both in the UN and EU documents and is important for both economic and social sustainability. Practical implications: The results are of major importance to governments formulating their programmes on accessibility. They should consider the important role of accessibility within the scope of actions undertaken for social and economic development. Policy makers should also take into account the main challenges that ensuring access to goods and services for persons with disabilities poses in relation to architecture, transport, education, digitalisation, health, culture etc. Originality/value: The article is based on a critical analysis of documents and literature. As a result, it indicates strong and weak points in the implementation of accessibility goals in the frame of sustainable development policy. Moreover, the last part of the article presents solutions indispensable for ensuring access to goods and services for persons with disabilities, which may contribute to the development of good practices in this area. ; peer-reviewed

Protection of women in relation to pregnancy and maternity is generally regulated in the Council Directive 92/85/EEC of 19 October 1992 on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health at work of pregnant workers and workers who have recently given birth or are breastfeeding. However, pregnancy discrimination has been the subject of numerous rulings issued by the Court of Justice of the European Union. On the basis of this case-law several questions can be asked. Most of them concern the legal character of pregnancy discrimination and the scope of pregnant women protection.Therefore, the first part of the article will focus on the problem of relations between pregnancy and sex discrimination. It will also consider if pregnancy discrimination should be based on comparison. The second part of the contribution will concentrate on the question if pregnancy discrimination is direct or indirect one or maybe we should refer to a special protection approach. Finally, the scope of pregnant women protection will be presented. The article will try to answer the question if further actions are necessary to tackle pregnancy discrimination, including the adoption of new regulations by the European Union or the change of the Court of Justice's position. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n9p441