Suchergebnisse

The article highlights the relationship between the country's well-being and their people's perception of inequality in 1999, 2009 and 2019. The country's well-being was measured using four indicators: GDP per capita, life expectancy, the average number of years of schooling and the Gini index (data taken from the United Nations, the World Bank and the Global Data Laboratory reports). The perception of inequality was measured using six indicators: the importance of coming from a wealthy family and knowing the right people to get ahead, differences in income perception, feeling of conflicts in society, approval of inequality in opportunities, as well as subjective social stratification (based on the III-V waves of the modules Social Inequality of The International Social Survey Programme, ISSP). The groups of the countries based on their well-being and the people's perception of inequality were determined using multidimensional scaling. With its means, for each of the taken years (1999, 2009 and 2019) two-dimensional spaces in which the countries were located were constructed. A positive correlation between a country's GDP level and life expectancy was reproduced in all observed periods. In contrast, depth of stratification was not significantly associated with any of the remaining indicators of welfare. Subjective stratification, as well as people's ideas about how to get ahead, were determined by GDP per capita, but not by objective stratification. This one correlated with feelings of conflict and approval of unequal opportunities. Dimensions in decisions — both for the country's well-being and for perception— were reproduced at all measurement points. At the same time, the composition of homogeneous groups of countries varied from one time interval to another. The most stable were the groupings of Scandinavian and island countries, whose levels of well-being and perceptions of inequality by the population were similar.

The article clarifies the EU population's perception of the war in Ukraine and identifies its cross-cultural features. The findings are based on the data of the survey "EU's response to the war in Ukraine", conducted in April 2022 by Ipsos European Public Affairs at the request of the European Commission. The target population of the study is the citizens of the European Union member countries, aged 15 years and over (N = 26053). In the perception of the Russian-Ukrainian war, informational and activity-related aspects were distinguished. The first one included indicators of informational involvement (frequency of following and discussing news about the war in Ukraine) and trust in various sources of information (national authorities, European authorities, NGOs, journalists, and social media). The second one consisted of indicators of approval of measures announced by the EU (economic sanctions against Russia and Russian oligarchs, financial support to Ukraine, military and humanitarian aid, the ban on broadcasting in the EU of state-owned Russian media, welcoming in EU people feeling the war) and satisfaction with reactions of main actors (national authorities, the EU, NATO, UN, USA, citizens of own country). For cross-cultural comparison of various aspects of Russian-Ukrainian war perception, several macro indicators have been constructed. Common characteristics of the war perception in EU countries were a high frequency of following news and discussing it with friends and relatives, approval of main EU measures aimed at supporting Ukraine; great satisfaction with the reaction of the main actors to the events in Ukraine. People do not equally trust various sources of information and the ranking of sources according to their credibility has cross-cultural differences. The most reliable sources were national and EU authorities and fewer people trust NGOs and journalists. Social media were widely untrusted. At the same time, there are two main patterns of trust in various sources. The first one is a combination of distrust in social media with high trust in other sources. The second one is distrust in most or even all sources of information.

The article provides an intergenerational comparison of the individuals' position in the social structure and their attitudes to the social situation. Additionally, associations between these parameters were identified. Four subsamples which represented four generations (post-war, transitional, perestroika time and post-Soviet) selected from joint data set of the Ukrainian Society sociological survey conducted by the Institute of Sociology of the NAS of Ukraine in 2018–2021. The generations were born during the period of significant events in Ukrainian history. Four kinds of indicators of the attitudes to the social situation were distinguished (perception of the state of society, orientations of individuals toward a model of social order, satisfaction with their position and the individuals' social dysfunctions imagery). Moreover, two typologies were constructed (overall satisfaction with status and general orientation towards a model of social order). Indicators of the individual social position were as follows: educational level, family income, qualifications and spatial mobility. There were some generational differences in the distributions of individuals along the main stratification hierarchies, as well in their satisfaction with their life and social status. At the same time, perception of the state of society, orientation towards a model of social order, and individuals' social dysfunctions imagery had slight differences among generational cohorts. Structural differences in the above attitudes were not very significant. The weakest structural effects on attitudes toward the state of society have been noted for the post-war generation.

The article analyzes the differences in positions in the stratification hierarchies of different generations. Based on the data of the sociological survey "Ukrainian Society", conducted by the Institute of Sociology of the NAS of Ukraine in 1995–1997 and 2018–2020, four subsamples which represented three age cohorts (grandparents, parents (measured at two points) and children) were formed. Comparison of their characteristics made by combining three types of research designs (cross-sectional, cohort, and trend). The measurement of positions in the space of inequalities carried out with three groups of indicators (objective parameters, subjective perception and recognition of the legitimacy of stratification orders). On their basis, three typologies were constructed (objective, integral and economic position), consisting of an agreed high, medium and low status, as well as an inconsistent status. The study indicated many positive generational changes in the distributions of individuals along the main stratification hierarchies. The most dramatic changes fixed in the people's perception of their social position and recognition of the legitimacy of the inequality system. There weren't generational differences in status crystallization, although the links between status characteristics differed somewhat. In modern Ukrainian society, a large proportion of people belonged to the higher levels of hierarchies and smaller ones at the lower.

The article analyzes how people evaluate the changes in their position in the social hierarchy. The main research attention is focused on post-communist countries which exemplify the transition from one social order to another. The list of these post-communist countries was as follows: Bulgaria (N = 1000), Estonia (N = 1000), Latvia (N = 1069), Lithuania (N = 1023), Poland (N = 1263), Russia (N = 1603), Slovakia (N = 1159), Slovenia (N = 1065), Hungary (N = 1010), Ukraine (N = 2012), Croatia (N = 1201), the Czech Republic (N = 1205). Based on the questions from the Social Inequality-IV module of the International Social Survey Programme two types of people's perception of their mobility were identified: subjective social mobility and intergenerational movement on the social ladder. Subjective social mobility measured as a level of status of respondents' current job compared to the status of their father's job when the respondent was a teenager. Intergenerational movement in the social ladder was considered as the difference between respondent's self-positioning on the social ladder and his/her ideas about the position of the family of his origin on this ladder. Also, the direction and distance of both types of movement in the social hierarchy were measured. As a result, the differences in stratification profiles based on distributions of the respondent's position on the social ladder and that of their parents were shown. In a large majority of nations, people moved down on the social ladder. The exceptions were Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and Poland. In general, the proportion of people who have experienced upward subjective mobility exceeded the proportion of those who have risen the social ladder. Distances of both types of movement in the social space were moderate. Subjective mobility and intergenerational movement in the social ladder did not correlate too much. The correlation between the variables was strongest in Poland and the Czech Republic. Methodological features of indicators of both types of movement in social space are outlined, but more accurate description of their measuring limits requires further empirical exploration.

У статті, на основі даних п'ятої хвилі Європейського Соціального Дослідження, охарактеризовано особливості залучення чоловіків та жінок до хатньої праці в Україні та інших європейських країнах. Установлено наявність суттєвих відмінностей в охопленні представників обох статей репродуктивною працею, залежно від способу його вимірювання. З'ясовано, що як у чоловіків, так і у жінок при фіксації факту її здійснення значення цього показника є суттєво меншим, аніж за умов відповіді на питання щодо її тривалості, що властиве всім розглянутим країнам. Виявлено, що в Україні одружені респонденти активніше займаються хатньою працею, аніж неодружені, проте гендерні відмінності у обсязі хатньої праці серед тих, хто перебуває у шлюбі, властиві лише міському населенню. При цьому зменшення кількості годин хатньої праці відбувається у чоловіків, які працюють, проживають у місті, мають менший вік та вищі доходи, тоді як у жінок воно відмічено лише за умов їхньої зайнятості. Встановлено, що обсяг хатньої праці, виконуваної як чоловіками, так і жінками, в Україні є найвищим із-поміж усіх розглянутих європейських країн. З'ясовано, що переліки чинників, які зумовлюють обсяг хатньої праці, мають як гендерні, так і крос-культурні відмінності, хоча напрямки впливу окремих незалежних змінних на залежну в різних країнах здебільшого співпадають.

This article presents the results of study of relationship between inequality percep-tion and social orientations of the population of different countries based on the data of fi fth wave of European Social Survey (ESS) conducted in 2009. The relations between inequality perception and people's main social orientations (trust-distrust in key political actors, tolerance-xenophobia, creativity-conservatism, altruism-selfi shness) was established. However, the study demonstrates differences between countries both in the set of indicators of inequality perception which infl uences particular social orientations and in the direction of this infl uence.Key words: inequality perception, social orientations, European Social Survey. ; Представлено результати вивчення співвідношення сприйняття нерівностей та соціальних орієнтацій у населення різних країн за даними п'ятої хвилі Європейського соціального дослідження (European Social Survey, ESS), проведеної у 2009 році. Було зафіксовано існування зв'язку між оцінками нерівностей і основними соціальними орієнтаціями населення (довірою-недовірою до ключових політичних акторів, толерантністю-ксенофобією, креативністю-консервативністю та альтруїзмом-егоїзмом). Водночас наявні розбіжності як у тому, які саме оцінки станів нерівностей впливають на окремі соціальні орієнтації, так і у напрямі такого впливу.Ключові слова: сприйняття нерівності, соціальні орієнтації, Європейське соціальне дослідження.

Through the method of metaphysics typical of philosophy, the objective of the study is to conceptualize the political dimension of the interaction of digital man and society in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The modeling method helps to create a model of interaction between the digital person and the digital society as a way of managing objectives to adapt people to increasing conditions of complexity and uncertainty, to provide a comprehensive analysis. As society becomes more complex, the model must become a flexible digital society. It is concluded that the analysis of variables and the determination of the optimal set of components of the digitalization of society play an important role: political, economic, administrative, social, and spiritual. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the optimal model that will achieve a balance between human nature, man, and society. As a result of the analysis carried out, modern theoretical approaches to the interaction of the digital person and a digital society in the context of the philosophy of politics are also investigated.

Through the method of metaphysics typical of philosophy, the objective of the study is to conceptualize the political dimension of the interaction of digital man and society in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The modeling method helps to create a model of interaction between the digital person and the digital society as a way of managing objectives to adapt people to increasing conditions of complexity and uncertainty, to provide a comprehensive analysis. As society becomes more complex, the model must become a flexible digital society. It is concluded that the analysis of variables and the determination of the optimal set of components of the digitalization of society play an important role: political, economic, administrative, social, and spiritual. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the optimal model that will achieve a balance between human nature, man, and society. As a result of the analysis carried out, modern theoretical approaches to the interaction of the digital person and a digital society in the context of the philosophy of politics are also investigated.

The goal of this article is analyses of ways for reducing generator set fuel required for training, moving, and sustaining military forces, weapons, and equipment demand on the battlefield for military operations on the combat operations experience basis. ; Метою статті є аналіз шляхів зменшення об'єму споживання палива для електроагрегатів, які використовуються для бойової підготовки, маневру та забезпечення військ, озброєння та військової техніки на полі бою під час ведення військових операцій з урахуванням досвіду ведення бойових дій. ; Целью статьи анализ путей уменьшения объема потребления горючего для электроагрегатов, используемых для боевой подготовки, маневра и обеспечения войск, вооружения и военной техники на поле боя при проведении войсковых операций с учетом опыта ведения боевых действий.