Suchergebnisse

In the year 13th after Nubuwah, migrating from Mecca to Medina with companions being ordained by Allah (SWT), the Prophet Muhammad (Pbuh) found Medina on very imbalanced economical condition for many causes. So after very beginning of establishing the Islamic State of Medina, the Prophet Muhammad (Pbuh) had to face a farm challenge to overcome this situation and reform all the economic spans from top to bottom. In this paper we would like to analytically discuss the causes behind those problems and circumstances, such as: Economic aspect of Medina, Misuses and Capitalism of the Jews. And the processes of their solving and reformation taken by the Prophet (Pbuh) such as: Legislation of Zakat, Emphasizing on Charity, Prohibition of Riba, Market Control, Pre-foundation of Bait-al-Maal, Revenue and Taxes, War after property Management, Rules of Heritage, Postponement of Conventional Business Processes in Ayaam al-Jahiliyah, Permitted Investment law and prohibition from begging etc. And thus the World noticed the unique model of the Prophet (Pbuh) for solving economic problems of all the ages and eras.

Being the most populous region, South Asia is home to one-fourth of the population in the world. Along with the aforementioned feature, South Asia is becoming one of the most climatic-hazard-prone regions on the planet. Hence, this study attempts to analyse empirically how economic performance and climate change affect employment in the agriculture sector. The study includes seven South Asian countries' data, excluding the Maldives, from 1992 to 2021 by applying the most widely used Panel ARDL, which involved pooled mean group (PMG) estimation. In the short run, the effect of past-year employment and temperature is positive, whereas GDP per capita is negatively related to agricultural employment and rainfall is insignificant. However, in the long run, the error correction coefficient is significant, and overall data has been able to establish a long-run relationship. The study concludes that, with the long-run impact for each country, agricultural employment is negatively affected by GDP per capita and temperature. Lastly, the effect of temperature in the long run reveals that climate change has long-term impacts on agriculture employment. We believe that the findings of the study have important implications for policymakers in the future.

Purpose– This study aims to examine an important, yet understudied, relationship between board leadership structure and earning management. With conflicting theoretical and empirical evidence underpinning the debate the practice has fluctuated, investor perception of board leadership structure has altered, international regulation has reacted, scholarly conceptualizations of duality have become overly complex and the need to understand duality and conclude the debate has increased.Design/methodology/approach– This study examines the relationship between board leadership structure, firm financial performance and financial reporting quality of Australian, Malaysian and Pakistani publicly listed companies by using a sample of three years from 2011 to 2013.Findings– Results based on data collected from Australia, Malaysia and Pakistan indicate that the board leadership structure is not associated with firm performance and financial reporting quality. However, the female chief executive impacts negatively on firm performance in Malaysia and Pakistan. Further analyses reveal that the firm size is negatively related, while the grown firms in Australia having strong financial reporting quality.Research limitations/implications– The study is based on Australian Stock Exchange-20, Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange-30 and Karachi Stock Exchange-30 companies from 2011 to 2013; however, a large sample from other emerging economies is required.Practical implications– The paper provides empirical evidence that unitary or dual leadership structure has no impact on public listed companies and would be of interest to regulatory bodies, business practitioners and academic researchers.Originality/value– This paper contributes to the literature on corporate governance and firm performance by introducing a framework for identifying and analyzing moderating variables that affect the relationship between board leadership structure and firm financial reporting quality.

One of the key issues facing fishery managers, policy-makers and researchers has been acknowledging local institutions and rule systems for managing common pool resources. In this paper, we discuss local institutions and rule systems of community fisheries from two oxbow lake Fisheries in Southern Bangladesh. Both of the fisheries have been under private and state management systems resulting in different management outcomes. Control of fishers and stocking for production enhancement have been key management options of the lakes, but progress has not been satisfactory due to higher associated costs of management and uneven resource benefits distribution. On the other hand, community fisheries have focused on sharing benefits, controlling access, avoiding conflict and maintaining ecosystem health. Community fisheries have been managed through local rules and management practices above and beyond government regulations. Taking community fisheries in Bangladesh as a model fisheries and examining local rules as an effective means of controlling fisher access to a common resource, we explore here the impacts of local rules that have had different levels of governance outcomes in relation to state and private systems. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews (40 individuals) and group meetings (one for each site covering 15–20 individuals). Reviews of secondary records also support the analysis. Findings of this study highlight the advantages of local rules and also raise questions about how differential property rights and lack of negotiation power of local communities have constrained the success of community fisheries. At the group level, the capacity of local fishers to make their own rules and implement them locally is a critical factor for community fisheries systems.

Higher education and employment are two key components of women's empowerment. However, many women fail to continue their studies or work after marriage, which can significantly reduce their empowerment potential, especially in countries with stark gender inequality such as in Bangladesh. In this study, our objective was to explore the individual, household and community factors associated with post-marriage education and employment among Bangladeshi women using data from the latest Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS 2017–18). Data were analysed using multivariate logistic regression methods. The results of the study show that a large proportion of the participants did not continue their studies (42.1%) or work (72.5%) after marriage, while only 3% of the participants studied and about 29.0% worked for more than 5 years after marriage. The most important factors associated with continuing to study after marriage include having access to a mobile phone (OR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.62, 2.19), the husband's number of years of education (OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.08, 1.15), a higher household wealth index (OR = 1.27–4.31) and improved toilet facilities (OR = 1.36, 1.12, 1.65). Conversely, the number of children (OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.65, 0.73), living in rural areas (OR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.68, 0.88) and residing in certain divisions are negatively associated with continuing to study after marriage. Women with a mobile phone (OR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.06, 2.03) are more likely to continue working after marriage, while those with larger spousal age differences (OR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.19, 0.58) and those living in the Chittagong division (OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.30, 0.96) are less likely to do so. The study indicates that a large proportion of Bangladeshi women do not continue their education or work after marriage. These findings underscore the significance of empowering women and addressing sociodemographic issues to promote education and work opportunities after marriage.

PurposeIn this paper, the authors show that ecological restoration potential through natural regeneration of degraded tropical rainforest is possible. This is significant because at present most of the tropical forest of the world, including of Bangladesh, are degraded.Design/methodology/approachRegeneration status of Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary (CWS) was assessed through stratified random sampling method using sample plots of 5 × 5 m in size covering 269 sample plots.FindingsA total of 3,256 regenerating seedlings/saplings of 105 species belonging to 35 families were recorded from CWS. From regenerating tree species, maximum (37.83) family importance value (FIV) index was found for Euphorbiaceae followed by Myrtaceae (18.03). Maximum importance value index (IVI) was found for Aporosa wallichii (21.62) followed by Grewia nervosa (16.41). Distribution of seedlings into different height classes of regenerating tree species was also calculated.Practical implicationsForest scientists are working to find out the best nature-based solution for ecological restoration of tropical rainforests to attain climate resilient ecosystem in a sustainable way. Tropical rain forest has huge plant diversity, and we find that ecological restoration is possible through natural regeneration from its rich soil seed bank. Natural regeneration is the best nature-based solution for sustainable management of the forest.Social implicationsThe authors believe that the findings presented in our paper will appeal to the forest and environmental scientists. The findings will allow readers to understand degraded tropical hill forest ecosystem and its management strategy.Originality/value The authors believe that this manuscript will give a clear picture about degraded tropical hill forest ecosystem and its genetic composition, diversity and soil seed bank status to apply appropriate management strategy.

OBJECTIVES: To find the disparities in the prevalence of malnutrition of reproductive women and under five children. METHODS: We analyzed the latest data of nationwide cross-sectional Demographic and Health Surveys of 59 countries conducted from 2006. Between and within country gaps in malnutrition prevalence were examined. RESULTS: Undernutrition of children (stunting, wasting and underweight) and women was higher in Burundi, Madagascar, Guatemala, Yemen, Timor-Leste, India, Nigeria, Niger, Benin, Burkina Faso, Bangladesh and Ethiopia. Women's overweight was higher in Egypt, Jordan, Peru, Guatemala, Honduras, Swaziland, Dominican Republic and Bolivia. Undernutrition of women and children was higher and women's overweight was lower disproportionately among the poorest, rural and illiterate women/mother. The poor-rich gaps were greater in Guatemala, Bolivia, Burundi and Pakistan for stunting; in Cameroon, Pakistan, Niger, Yemen and Timor-Leste for wasting; and in Yemen, Pakistan, Burundi, India, Bangladesh, Nigeria and Cameroon for underweight. The greater rural-urban gaps were observed in Burundi, Peru, Bolivia, Cameroon and Mali for stunting; in Timor-Leste, Cameroon, Maldives, Niger, Guinea and Congo Democratic Republic for wasting; and in Burundi, Niger, Yemen and Cameroon for underweight. Compare to secondary + educated mother, we observed children of illiterate mothers with greater prevalence of stunting in Lesotho, Azerbaijan, Guatemala, Honduras and Bolivia; of wasting in Albania, Guyana, Tajikistan, Namibia, Nigeria and Cameroon; and of underweight in Cameroon, Pakistan and Nigeria. For women's underweight, the poor-rich gaps were greater in Yemen, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Kenya and Burkina Faso; the rural-urban gaps were greater in Yemen, India, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia and Pakistan; and the women's no-secondary + education gaps were greater in Kenya, Cameroon, Madagascar, Chad and Bangladesh. Higher poor-rich. rural-urban or no-secondary + education gaps in women's overweight exist in Ghana, ...

Purpose
Previous studies equated information technology (IT) with the notion of effective resources. ITs improved firms' competitive advantage and innovativeness. Yet, far fewer studies investigated types of IT competencies that corresponded to innovation capabilities, particularly in developing countries. The aim of this paper is to provide an investigation concerning the types of IT competencies and examine their influence on the innovation capabilities across high-tech firms.


Design/methodology/approach
A survey was randomly distributed to 274 respondents across four main sectors of Malaysian high-tech firms. The main sectors were electric and electronic, aerospace, computers and office machinery and pharmaceuticals. A structural equation model, Amos, was used to analyse data.


Findings
Three findings were surmised. First, IT competencies driven by IT infrastructure, alignment, management affected high-tech firms' innovation capabilities. Second, absorptive capacity (AC) partially determined the relationship between IT infrastructure and IT alignment and innovation capabilities. AC also determined the relationship between IT management and innovation capabilities. The significance of IT competencies in the improvement of innovation capabilities was presented as a key predictor in bolstering high-tech manufacturing firms' competitive advantage.


Originality/value
Two points on novelty were presented. First, by conceptualising IT competencies from resource-based theory (RBV), a shift in understanding RBV was presented. Second, alternative key predictors concerning how IT competencies could improve aspects of AC and innovation capabilities were presented.