Suchergebnisse

Una de las facetas menos conocidas de la época isabelina es aquella que se ocupa de la historia de la educación. Dentro de este marco incluimos la Real Academia de Arqueología, fundada en 1837 y clausurada 31 años más tarde, en 1868, como consecuencia de la revolución de "La Gloriosa". En la Real Academia intelectuales, aristócratas, clérigos y militares se reunían para divagar no sólo acerca de la ciencia arqueológica sino de todas aquellas que consideraban sus auxiliares, entre ellas la paleografía, motivo del presente artículo ; One of the less known topics about queen Isabel 11's age is the state o f public education in Spain. We deal mainly with the Real Academia of Arqueología, founded in 1837 and closed 31 years latter, in the aftermath of the revolution ofl868. In that Academy, scholars with different backgrounds —aristocrats, clergymen and soldiers got together to discuss Archaeology as well other scholarly disciplines as Paleography, which is the main focus of this paper ; L'une des façettes les moins connues de la période Isabeline est ce lie consacrée á l'histoire de l'éducation. Reléve de celle-ci la Royale Académie d'Arquéologie, fondée en 1837 et fermée trente et un ans plus tard, en 1868, suite à la révolution de "La Glorieuse". Dans cette Royale Académie, intellectuels, aristocrates, clercs et militaires se réunissaient pour converser non seulement de la science arquéologique mais aussi de toutes celles qu 'ils considéraient comme auxiliaires, entre autre la Paléographie, objet du présent article

Genetic improvement is an emerging method to reduce the levels of fumonisin (FB) contamination in maize, but breeding advances depend on the development of suitable methods to accurately assess the performance of different cultivars. Our study focused on characterizing a local isolate of Fusarium verticillioides; comparing artificial inoculation techniques with this isolate (injection into kernels and down the silk channel); and assessing white maize resistance under artificial vs. natural inoculation. The fungal growth rate significantly increased with temperature and water activity a w. The optimum growth rate, corresponding with the shortest phase of initial growth, occurred at 25-30 °C and 0.99 a w. Under silk inoculation with this isolate, the hybrid EP10 × EC22 accumulated significantly less FBs than the other hybrids, whereas, under kernel inoculation, differences among hybrids were not significant (P ≤ 0.05). The local isolate of F. verticillioides produced FBs and responded to the usual environmental conditions during maize kernel ripening in northwestern Spain. Inoculation with this isolate is recommended because it is aggressive, toxigenic, and adapted to the local environment. Silk inoculation was the only method that allowed a clear distinction among genotypes based on differences in resistance to FB accumulation. Resistance to natural and artificial inoculations was confirmed for the hybrid EP10 × EC22. © 2013 KNPV. ; MINECO ; Autonomous Government of Galicia ; Excma. Diputación Provincial de Pontevedra ; Spanish Council of Research ; European Social Fund ; This research was supported by the National Plan for Research and Development of Spain (AGL2009-12770), the Autonomous Government of Galicia (PGIDIT06TAL40301PR) and the Excma. Diputación Provincial de Pontevedra. A. Cao acknowledges funding from the JAE Program of the Spanish Council of Research. R.Santiago acknowledges postdoctoral contract "Isidro Parga Pondal" supported by the Autonomous Government of Galicia and the European Social Fund. ; Peer Reviewed

In Southern Europe where whole maize kernels are ground and used for making bread and other food products, infection of the kernels by Fusarium verticillioides and subsequent fumonisin contamination pose a serious safety issue. The influence of environmental factors on this fungal infection and mycotoxin accumulation as the kernel develops has not been fully determined, especially in such food grade maize. The objectives of the present study were to determine which environmental factors may contribute to kernel invasion by F. verticillioides and fumonisin accumulation as kernels develop and dry in naturally infected white maize. Three maize hybrids were planted at two different sowing dates and kernel samples were collected 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100. days after silking. The percentage of kernels infected, and ergosterol and fumonisin contents were recorded for each sampling. F. verticillioides was the most prevalent species identified as the kernels developed. Temperature and moisture conditions during the first 80. days after silking favored natural kernel infection by F. verticillioides rather than by Aspergillus or Penicillium species. Fumonisin was found in kernels as early as 20. days after silking however significant fumonisin accumulation above levels acceptable in the EU did not occur until after physiological maturity of the kernel indicating that kernel drying in the field poses a high risk. Our results suggest that this could be due to increasing kernel damage by insects that favor fungal development, such as the damage by the moth Sitotroga cerealella, and to the occurrence of stress conditions for F. verticillioides growth that could trigger fumonisin biosynthesis, such as exposure to suboptimal temperatures for growth simultaneously with low water activity. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. ; MICINN ; Spanish Council of Research ; Autonomous Government of Galicia ; European Social Fund ; This research was supported by the National Plan for Research and Development of Spain (AGL2009-12770). A. Cao acknowledges funding from the JAE Program of the Spanish Council of Research. R. Santiago acknowledges postdoctoral contract "Isidro Parga Pondal" supported by the Autonomous Government of Galicia and the European Social Fund. ; Peer Reviewed