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AbstractThe paper has two interconnected objectives. It argues that the intrinsic epistemic value of testimonies (i.e., serving as evidence for what is asserted) can be reduced to their moral and social values, that is, to their competent, conscientious, and honest performance. Consequently, competence, conscientiousness, and honesty are intrinsic epistemic values in science. The second objective is to offer an answer to the questions why and under what conditions a hearer can rationally accept a testimony in science. The values and subsequent norms of testimony are espoused and strictly enforced by the scientific community. The norms of testimony ensure that rule-following scientists testify competently, conscientiously, and honestly. Due to value reduction, such testimonies also manifest their intrinsic epistemic value, that is, they serve as evidence for their content. So, if the norms of testimony are followed, then it is epistemically rational to adopt also the norm of the acceptance of testimonies. When the hearer accepts a testimony (unless he has counterevidence), he simply—and usually blindly—complies with this norm. Yet, he is epistemically rational because the norm he follows is epistemically rational, as well.

Purpose
This paper aims to introduce the concept of business paradigm to conceptualize and explain differences in business interaction patterns in the IMP research.


Design/methodology/approach
The concept of the interaction and the concepts related to and driven from it describe the business at both a general level. At the same time, the IMP points out the uniqueness of business interactions. This paper addresses the specific lies between the general and the particular by referring to various patterns of interactions. To close that gap, this paper implies the Kuhnian philosophy of science to conceptualize the business paradigm.


Findings
The business paradigm is a socially constructed collective term. It simultaneously captures the cognitive (what business is and what rules it has) and social (business community) dimensions of the actor's behavior and actions. It has two interdependent dimensions: cognitive and social. It determines how the actors view and do business, and it explains the variations of interactions.


Research limitations/implications
Not applicable as it is a conceptual paper.


Practical implications
Not applicable as it is a conceptual paper.


Social implications
Not applicable as it is a conceptual paper.


Originality/value
The concept of the business paradigm is a theoretical extension of the IMP actor's theory. The dimensions of the business paradigm capture the psychological and sociological characteristics of the business actor. The business paradigm application provides an opportunity to find that business can be different because actors in various communities have various views on what business is and how it should be properly run. Adding the business paradigm concept to the IMP theory implies strengthening the theory explanation power because the interaction explains the business's general characteristics. The business relationship explains the business's unique features, and the business paradigm explains the various interaction patterns.

Introduction: Michael Polanyi and his political and economic writing /R.T. Allen --Polanyi on liberty: earlier writings /Endre J. Nagy --Polanyi on "public liberty" and "dynamic order" /Phil Mullins --Authority and practice: general and specific authority in science and society /Simon Smith --On moral inversion /Viktor Geng --Moral inversion: a social diagnosis /Tihamér Margitay --From-to structure of political and economic thinking /Richard W. Moodey --A Polanyian account of the relations between politics and economics /R. T. Allen --Polanyi and the sociology of economic life /Richard W. Moodey --Michael Polanyi: almost a sociologist?Klaus Allerbeck.