Energy security in international economic law: balancing legal ambitions and geopolitical realities
In: Preadviezen 150
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In: Preadviezen 150
In: Cambridge international trade and economic law
Energy in the context of international trade law : concepts and changing markets -- The role of energy in international trade law history -- The current WTO legal framework relevant for energy -- Beyond the WTO : the energy charter treaty and preferential trade agreements -- Decentralising energy markets in light of international trade law : OPEC and the EU internal energy market -- Decarbonising energy markets : options for constraining dual pricing and fossil fuel subsidy reform in the WTO -- The emerging concept of 'energy security' in international trade law -- General conclusion and recommendations.
In: Journal of international economic law, Band 26, Heft 4, S. 756-769
ISSN: 1464-3758
Abstract
The European Union (EU) faces a pressing, multi-level energy crisis propelled by the perfect storm of Russia's war in Ukraine and rapidly progressing climate change. As a result, the EU is scrambling to ensure it has sufficient energy supplies for the foreseeable future while reinventing its energy strategy in the long term. Since the EU is at a critical juncture for squaring EU energy security with European and international legal commitments, this article surveys this radical shift and its consequences. It analyses new EU-wide crisis-response tools and ad hoc bilateral arrangements with third countries against existing legal commitments. Recent developments are only the beginning of a much larger re-evaluation of core notions of the 'trade-energy security' nexus. To decarbonize, the EU must move towards a 'security-centred' energy transition, premised on 'security first, compliance second'. This requires reassessing the notion of 'protectionism' in geopolitically sensitive areas and the current division of energy competences between the EU and its Member States.
In: Legal issues of economic integration: law journal of the Europa Instituut and the Amsterdam Center for International Law, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Band 48, Heft 2, S. 147-170
ISSN: 1566-6573, 1875-6433
'Energy security' is a crucial concept in international relations, as well as in international (economic) law. Although no international legal definition of this multi-layered notion exists, and the concept has been recognized as 'vague' in international relations literature, it remains a term that is used time and again by states when referring to measures taken in connection with safeguarding their national energy supply. This contribution identifies the various dimensions of the concept of energy security, after which it studies its role in international (economic) law and zooms in on the World Trade Organization (WTO). It critically assesses how the panel and Appellate Body (AB) have dealt with WTO Members' arguments connected to energy security in two recent WTO disputes, India – Solar Cells and EU – Energy Package. The article demonstrates that while energy security concerns may be a valid basis for defending a Member's measure, they will not hold if that measure is applied in a discriminatory manner. This may be problematic, as energy security concerns are frequently geo-political in nature and may be inherently discriminatory. The contribution also explains why 'long-term energy security' defenses are more likely to meet the threshold of the Article XIV(a) General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) public policy exception, rather than the 'products in local short supply' exception of Article XX(j) GATT.
Energy Security, ECT, IEA, OPEC, PTAs, WTO, dispute settlement, public policy exception, local short supply
In: Legal Issues of Economic Integration 48(2) (Kluwer Law), 2021
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In: SEW, Tijdschrift voor Europees en economisch recht (uitgeverij Paris) (zomer 2020)
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In: Europe and the World: A Law Review [2019] 3:1, 1-18 (UCL Press) DOI:10.14324/111.444.ewlj.2019.17
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Working paper
In: K Mathis and B Huber (eds), Energy Law & Economics (Springer Publishers, Forthcoming)
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Working paper
In: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development Issue Paper (2017)
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In: (2017) World Trade Review (Cambridge University Press) 16(4) (Forthcoming)
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In: SEW, Tijdschrift voor Europees en economisch recht (uitgeverij Paris) (februari 2017)
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In: G Adinolfi, F Baetens, J Caiado and AG Micara (eds), International Economic Law – Contemporary Issues (Springer Verlag 2017) 189-210
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In: TILEC Discussion Paper No. 2017-029
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In: L Hancher and A De Hauteclocque (eds), State Aid in the Energy Sector (Hart Publishing, 2017)
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