Višestranački politički sistem doveo je do potrebe nadmetanjapolitičkih stranaka pa se u skladu s tim javila i potreba za marketinškimpristupom u politici koji pomaže boljoj političkoj prodaji. Politika se na osnovubogatog iskustva političkog djelovanja poslužila postojećim, razvijenimmetodama i tehnikama komercijalnog marketinga. Ono što političkommarketingu daje draž je otvorenost priznanja da su politika i političari robakoja se prodaje na političkom tržištu. Politički marketing je cjelokupan načindjelovanja političkih stranaka koji pred sebe postavlja sljedeća osnovnapitanja: kako se birači opredjeljuju; šta utječe na njihovo opredjeljenje ikako se na njega može djelovati. Primjena političkog marketinga u Bosni iHercegovini još uvijek nije na zadovoljavajućem nivou, ali spoznaja o značajuprimjene marketinga u politici je u porastu.
In the past few years, it has been widely accepted that change is the only constant of modern world. In that sense, the process of globalization has had a significant impact on the contemporary society, as well as on the modern business world. A significant shift of core concepts in technological, social, political and economic subsystems has been the determinant of the 21st century accompanied with organizations transforming through the means of the lifelong learning (hereafter LLL) model. It is also a known fact that human capital is crucial for success in the global market competition, and thus it represents the main competitive advantage of propelling societies. The concept of learning organizations and LLL model are the key components of the new paradigm of the management development. The transformation of organizations, society and economy in the era of knowledge is closely tied to educational organizations as one of the pillars. Education is essential for every society and individual since it creates new and improves current value system in order to improve life of every member of society. All higher educational organizations are established to enable an individual to realize his/hers highest goals. The aforementioned changes are also mirrored in the field of education, and are especially true for higher education organizations, which due to their scope, activities, but also their missions, require a business oriented way of thinking and operating. In other words, concepts of strategy and business have to become a part of their modus operandi. Nowadays, the learning process never ends because it is progressive and dynamic as one's skills and potentials are constantly being improved through formal and informal education. The LLL model is bigger than formal education system; it is a concept of strategic thinking, tactic acting and operational surviving. Paradoxically this paper shows both the complexity and simplicity of the LLL model and its application on higher education organizations. The emphasis of the paper is on the fact that today's higher education organizations have to create and implement a quality management system that follows, supports and improves the philosophy of knowledge management.
Die Erwartungen an die neue Regierung von Bosnien und Herzegowina sind klar: Nur wenn sie sich über die wichtigsten Reformen einig ist, kann der bestehende politische Stillstand überwunden werden. Einige politische Akteure könnten sich mit Blick auf die anstehenden Kommunalwahlen 2012 jedoch erneut nationalistischer Rhetorik bedienen und die Suche nach Kompromissen erschweren. Die internationale Gemeinschaft muss die politischen Kräfte des Landes stärker in die Pflicht nehmen. (KAS-Auslandsinformationen / SWP)
AbstractRacial disparity exists for hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP), which leads to disparate morbidity and mortality worldwide. The enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is encoded by HMOX1, which has genetic polymorphisms in its regulatory region that impact its expression and activity and have been associated with various diseases. However, studies of these genetic variants in HDP have been limited. The objective of this study was to examine HMOX1 as a potential genetic contributor of ancestral disparity seen in HDP. First, the 1000 Genomes Project (1 KG) phase 3 was utilized to compare the frequencies of alleles, genotypes, and estimated haplotypes of guanidine thymidine repeats (GTn; containing rs3074372) and A/T SNP (rs2071746) among females from five ancestral populations (Africa, the Americas, Europe, East Asia, and South Asia, N = 1271). Then, using genomic DNA from women with a history of HDP, we explored the possibility of HMOX1 variants predisposing women to HDP (N = 178) compared with an equivalent ancestral group from 1 KG (N = 263). Both HMOX1 variants were distributed differently across ancestries, with African women having a distinct distribution and an overall higher prevalence of the variants previously associated with lower HO-1 expression. The two HMOX1 variants display linkage disequilibrium in all but the African group, and within EUR cohort, LL and AA individuals have a higher prevalence in HDP. HMOX1 variants demonstrate ancestral differences that may contribute to racial disparity in HDP. Understanding maternal genetic contribution to HDP will help improve prediction and facilitate personalized approaches to care for HDP.
