Suchergebnisse

Nell'occasione dei venti anni dalla prima proclamazione della Carta di Nizza il presente articolo si propone di analizzare le tematiche relative alla tutela dei diritti sociali ed alle tecniche redazionali che sono state adottate nella Carta per gli stessi. In particolare, l'articolo affronta le questioni legate alla tutela multilivello dei diritti, con una valutazione dell'effettività della stessa in un sistema come l'Unione europea nel quale, soprattutto per i rimandi compiuti dalla Carta alle legislazioni degli Stati membri, non sembra esserci una vera integrazione fra livelli, quanto piuttosto una compresenza degli stessi, al punto da suggerire una interpretazione dei rapporti nell'ordine di un "pluri-livello". L'articolo inoltre si sofferma sulle specifiche modalità con le quali sono stati previsti i diritti, in particolare analizzando le conseguenze di una classificazione secondo valori e di una distinzione fra diritti e principi, ragionando sugli effetti che ciò produce in tema di bilanciamento interno ed esterno alla Carta. Infine si offrono spunti per un ripensamento del valore della Carta, con la attribuzione alla stessa di un plusvalore rispetto ai Trattati istitutivi, in modo tale da andare anche oltre il Trattato di Lisbona verso una effettiva integrazione europea passante per i diritti fondamentali ; On the occasion of the twenty years since the first proclamation of the Charter of Nice, this paper aims to analyse the issues relating to the protection of the social rights and to the editorial techniques adopted for them in the Charter itself. In particular, the paper addresses the issues linked to the multilevel protection of rights, with an assessment of its effectiveness in a system such as that one of the European Union in which, especially due to the references made by the Charter of Nice to the laws of the Member States, it does not seem that there is a real integration among levels, but rather a coexistence among them, thus suggesting an interpretation of the connections in a "pluri-level" order. The paper also focuses on the specific manners in which rights were provided, in particular by analysing the consequences of a classification according to values and a distinction between rights and principles, thinking about the effects that this one produces in terms of internal and external balancing to the Charter. Finally, new perspectives for looking at it are proposed, by rethinking of the value of the Charter and with the aim to attribute a surplus value to it compared to the founding Treaties, in such a way as to go beyond the Lisbon Treaty towards an effective European integration through fundamental rights

The article analyses the legal treatment of animals used in scientific research in the constitutional perspective of the balance between the needs of man and those of animal welfare. The evolution of "animal dignity" is then reconstructed and the proposals for amending Italian Constitution are analysed. The article focuses on the evolution of the Italian regulation on animal experimentation, paying attention to the influence of public opinion on the development of legislation. Finally, a different perspective is proposed to the balance between research and care of animals, assuming the compatibility of them from the perspective of greater reliability of an experiment respectful of animal welfare.

The coming into being of the Conte government was the first in Italy to make use of the government-contract scheme; i.e., stating in writing the political objectives to be pursued by members of the executive power. The present paper deals with the proper allocation of such a practice within the framework of the Italian constitutional order. The paper starts with a survey of the theories of government contracts and ends with some considerations on their binding nature on members of parliament and of the cabinet. It focuses on the relationship between such contracts and freedom of the mandate, also analyzing the links between such agreements and the institute of parliamentary confidence. The paper concludes by assessing whether such an agreement can be considered a real contract or rather is void under ius civile.