Suchergebnisse

Abstract

Research background: The development of business on a local level depends on a variety of factors, which as is often the case are shaped by the local authorities. An example of activities carried out by local governments in order to help develop businesses is the management of the spatial resources in a given municipality in such a way as to facilitate starting and developing companies.

Purpose: The principal objective of this study has been to identify how local authorities and businessmen perceive the role of conditions associated with the municipality's spatial policy in terms of starting and conducting a business.

Research methodology: The research results rely on primary data acquired by conducting a survey based on a questionnaire designed by the authors.

Results: The results permitted to demonstrate differences and similarities among the opinions of our respondents concerning factors linked to the spatial policy of a municipality that have an impact on decisions to set up and develop companies. Among the location factors, the most important ones, according to both local governments and businessmen, were the state of the local infrastructure, such as IT, transportation, communication, waterworks and sewers, power supply.

Novelty: The confrontation of the replies provided by local authorities and by entrepreneurs concerns spatial policy, and the territorial scope of the research covering the whole of Poland, the different types of enterprises from various branches are the innovative element of the study.

Despite the lapse of 30 years since the state system transformation in Poland was started, the rural areas in Poland that used to be occupied by state-owned farms continue to experience many complex economic and social problems. The state reforms, which for example led to the dissolution of all state-owned farms (in Polish, Państwowe Gospodarstwa Rolne, PGR), have had a significant effect on the formation of the institutional system in rural Poland. The existence and then liquidation of PGR affected not only the financial standing of large populations but also instilled in many asense of entitlement, leading to the so-called learned hopelessness. An investigation into entrepreneurial attitudes shows that as many as 71.60% of the respondents equate 'being entrepreneurial' with 'starting own business'. Despite the difficult situation on the labour market, only 12.35% of the interviewed persons have tried to start their own companies after state-farms were dissolved. The main determinant of such a low level of entrepreneurship among the respondents, in their opinion, was the lack of own funds, as this was indicated by 49.38% of the surveyed population. This attitude is also manifested in the answers concerning expectations towards public administration – 82.10% assumed that the state should be responsible for providing direct financial support. The results of this study into entrepreneurial attitudes as well as previous investigations among residents living in rural areas formely occupied by state farms confirm marginal interest in starting business activity among these populations.

Purpose: The research objective was to diagnose the socio-economic situation in areas formerly occupied by a state-owned farm in Poland, using the Province of Warmia and Mazury as an example. Design/Methodology/Approach: Both a quantitative method and a qualitative one was employed. The research was conducted among residents of areas previously occupied by state-owned farms using a poll approach and a questionnaire designed by the research authors. Findings: A combination of factors, individual, cultural, and macrosocial ones, contributed to the situation when former state-owned agricultural farms in Poland are now an area where many negative, interconnected issues, such as unemployment, poverty, marginalization, lack of prospects and hope for the future, are concentrated. One of the major problems in these territories' labor market is the low occupational activity level among residents. Despite the high unemployment rate, nearly ¾ of the surveyed persons were not interested in improving their labor market position. Practical Implication: The practical implication arising from the research is the possibility of using the results in creating a regional policy in areas affected by the negative consequences of the operation and subsequent dissolution of state-owned agricultural farms. Originality/Value: It is still necessary to conduct studies in the areas formerly dominated by state farms in agriculture and search for new system-scale solutions, especially because the current interest in residents' situation in these areas is now waning. Rural areas, with their specific characteristics, for example, the occurrence of hidden unemployment, are distinguished by a large untapped human potential. ; peer-reviewed

Motivation: Agency theory examines relations between entities as contract relations, like land owner and tenant. Polish farmland market and its 'rules of the game' are still changing after political transformation. Decisions and actions presented by both parts of the lease contract seems to be easier to understand, explain and predict with the research instrumentality of new institutional economy, especially agency theory. Agency relationship is the issue studied by the economists many times, but there is a need to complete it with examples, researches and practical implications.Aim: the determination of the significance of the lease in Polish agriculture with the use of agency theory.Results: Use of the analytical apparatus of agency theory allowed for the indication of critical elements in the lessee/ lessor relation. One of the most important elements of contract specification is the remuneration transferred as part of the relation. Payments in the market of leasing deriving from the Agricultural Property Agency are regulated by the institution of the lease fee. On the other hand, in the case of leases between neighbours, there are both financial instruments (e.g. settlement of tax, resignation from land subsidies for the benefit of the land owner, rent) and non-financial ones (e.g. equivalent in agricultural products, services performed with mechanical equipment, household care). The results of the study have shown that financial forms are the most popular form of payment; most indications referred to resignation from land subsidies (59.6%).

Motivation: Agency theory examines relations between entities as contract relations, like land owner and tenant. Polish farmland market and its 'rules of the game' are still changing after political transformation. Decisions and actions presented by both parts of the lease contract seems to be easier to understand, explain and predict with the research instrumentality of new institutional economy, especially agency theory. Agency relationship is the issue studied by the economists many times, but there is a need to complete it with examples, researches and practical implications.Aim: the determination of the significance of the lease in Polish agriculture with the use of agency theory.Results: Use of the analytical apparatus of agency theory allowed for the indication of critical elements in the lessee/ lessor relation. One of the most important elements of contract specification is the remuneration transferred as part of the relation. Payments in the market of leasing deriving from the Agricultural Property Agency are regulated by the institution of the lease fee. On the other hand, in the case of leases between neighbours, there are both financial instruments (e.g. settlement of tax, resignation from land subsidies for the benefit of the land owner, rent) and non-financial ones (e.g. equivalent in agricultural products, services performed with mechanical equipment, household care). The results of the study have shown that financial forms are the most popular form of payment; most indications referred to resignation from land subsidies (59.6%).

Agency theory examines relations between entities as contract relations. The agency relation is always present when the situation of one person depends on the activities of another person. The individual who performs such activities is the agent, and the other party dependant on the activities of the agent is called the principal. The agency relation occurring between the above-listed parties is one of the oldest and most extensively codified modes of social interactions. Relationship studies: andlord - tenant, belong to the earliest and classic examples of agency relationships, analyzed by economists.the determination of the significance of the lease in Polish agriculture with the use of agency theory. The theoretical basis is primarily provided by a review of the literature encompassing publications devoted to agency theory, legislative acts pertaining to leases, as well as domestic and foreign scientific studies. Statistical data deriving from the Agricultural Property Agency. The time range of the analysis encompassed the years 1992-2015. The empirical section was prepared on the basis of results of our own studies.According to the analysis of the results of the author's own studies, the most important advantage of leasing for the lessees is the possibility of expanding the farm (76.1%). Very similar importance was also assigned to the possibility of the pre-emptive right (70.1%). Most frequently (42.4%) this answer was indicated by the respondents who held over 75% under lease in total used land. This may be justified by the fact that farms with a high share of lease function in the environment of a relatively higher level of risk than farms with the majority of ownership, whereas purchase of leased land contributes to its minimisation.

Postęp wdrażany w produkcji rolnej uwarunkowany jest wieloma czynnikami, wśród których dużą wagę przypisuje się postawie producentów rolnych. Z tego względu główny cel opracowania skoncentrowano na samoocenie kompetencji posiadanych przez producentów rolnych niezbędnych w procesie unowocześniania ich gospodarstw. Zwrócono także uwagę na wykształcenie rolników, źródła pozyskiwania wiedzy oraz sposoby jej uaktualniania. Podstawowym źródłem informacji były dane pierwotne zgromadzone metodą wywiadu bezpośredniego przeprowadzonego z właścicielami 74 gospodarstw mleczarskich z województwa warmińsko-mazurskiego. Do analizy pozyskanego materiału badawczego wykorzystano statystyki opisowe oraz wskaźnik ważności. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań nie stwierdzono związku pomiędzy realizowaniem lub nierealizowaniem inwestycji a wiekiem i wykształceniem. Dokonana pod względem ważności hierarchizacja kompetencji pozwoliła stwierdzić, że w procesie unowocześniania badanych gospodarstw mleczarskich najważniejsze były chęć do nauki i zorientowanie na wiedzę.

The creation of adequate conditions for business activities by business environment institutions may contribute to the overall economic development by attracting new investments and expanding the existing ones. The main aim of this research was to identify the potential changes in time concerning the importance of business environment institutions and their impact on initiating and operating economic activities, and to establish whether these changes were statistically significant. The research indicates that both the representatives of various business environment institutions and the entrepreneurs found that the measures implemented by institutions during the time of this research became more significant in comparison to the period of 10 and more years before. In addition, the impact of the measures implemented by all the institutions enumerated in the questionnaire was statistically different between the two periods under investigation.