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JEL classification: B52 institutional; evolutionary J42 monopsony; segmented labour markets J 63 turnover; vacancies; layoffs J71 labour discrimination P16 political economy ; This thesis aims to identify the causes that have led to growing labour market segmentation, particularly the one characterized by a precarious labour situation of young people. We begin by claiming that arguments based on a supposed rigidity of the labour market due to high employment protection for insiders or arguments based on a growing dichotomy between the industrial core and the service sector cannot explain why, in some European countries, outsiders are mainly young labour market participants. To address this puzzle, it is argued that high social conflict (due to the existence of an uncoordinated system of industrial relations or liberalization) and a small proportion of primary sector jobs are the driving forces of this process. In addition, we also argue that, even though high employment protection aggravates segmentation because it reinforces the power of those with more political power, high employment protection alone is not sufficient for the process to occur. The empirical part of this study uses two different methodologies: fsQCA and a comparative analysis of two case studies. The fsQCA analysis supports the theoretical argument and hypotheses, and shows that it is in Southern and Anglo- Saxon countries that this process is more present. A comparative analysis of the two sectors shows that while in telecommunications young people have been particularly affected by more precarious working conditions, a similar process did not occur in the vehicle manufacturing industries ; A presente tese tem como objetivo identificar as causas que estão na origem de uma crescente segmentação no mercado de trabalho, nomeadamente a que é caracterizada por uma precarização da situação laboral dos jovens. Começa-se por argumentar que as explicações baseadas numa suposta rigidez do mercado de trabalho devido a uma elevada proteção no emprego para os insiders ou as explicações baseadas na existência de uma dicotomia crescente entre o setor industrial e o dos serviços não conseguem explicar porque é que em alguns países europeus são sobretudo os jovens que são os outsiders. Em resposta a esta questão, argumenta-se que uma elevada conflitualidade social (devido à existência de um sistema de relações laborais descoordenado ou ao processo de liberalização) e uma baixa proporção de empregos no setor primário do mercado de trabalho constituem a força motriz deste processo. Adicionalmente, também se defende que, embora a elevada proteção no emprego agrave a segmentação porque reforça o poder dos grupos com mais poder político, a elevada proteção no emprego não constitui isoladamente uma condição suficiente para que o processo ocorra. A parte empírica deste trabalho utiliza duas metodologias distintas: o fsQCA e uma análise comparada de dois estudos de caso. A análise com o fsQCA corrobora o argumento teórico e as hipóteses formuladas, e mostra que é nos países da Europa do Sul e Anglo-Saxónicos que este processo está mais presente. A análise comparada dos dois setores de atividade mostra que enquanto nas telecomunicações os jovens foram especialmente afetados pela precarização das condições de trabalho, uma situação semelhante não ocorreu no setor da fabricação de veículos automóveis.

A traditional radar actively transmits pulses and receive the corresponding echoes. By computing the time taken to receive the echoes the system is able to detect targets and estimate their ranges. However, mainly for military applications, an active radar has a major drawback: it can be detected by the enemy since it radiates electromagnetic pulses. As such, there is currently high research and development activity in the field of passive radar systems. In this alternative scenario, the radar does transmit any signal. Instead, it uses signals already present in the environment, such as TV, radio broadcasts and satellite digital video broadcast as transmitters of opportunity. By measuring the time difference between the signal received by the transmitter of opportunity and the signal echoed by the targets, the radar can detect targets and estimate their ranges. In scenarios which use very low power illuminators of opportunity, such as satellite DVB-S or GPS, relatively long integration times are required in order to obtain reasonable values of signal to noise ratio. This implies that, besides frequency correction, the coherency of local oscillators in the receivers need to be maintained during long time intervals, which can be very difficult. The paper presents a novel phase correction technique for passive radar which uses targets of opportunity, already present in the target area, as references to maintain the coherency of the oscillators for all the integration interval. The proposed methodology is quite simple and enables the use of low-cost hardware with independent oscillators for the reference and surveillance channels which can be geographically distributed. The obtained results illustrate the effectiveness and applicability of the method.

During the economic crisis, youth unemployment grew exponentially in many European countries. It was argued that countries with a high level of firm involvement in the provision of initial vocational training were better equipped to address this problem. Boosting workplace‐based training was therefore seen as the right strategy to tackle unemployment. Using Denmark, Spain and the UK as case studies, this article analyses how countries with different skill formation systems have improved this type of training. While the UK reinforced the voluntaristic character of its training regime, Denmark improved the quality of its vocational education, and Spain made reforms to the training and apprenticeship contract. Interestingly, the countries achieved different results. To explain this divergence, it is argued that while the reforms made in the UK and Denmark were compatible with the national institutions and coordination mechanisms, this was not the case in Spain, where reforms were implemented in a non‐complementary way.Key Practitioner Message:

After the economic crisis it was argued that countries with a high level of firm involvement in the provision of initial VET were better equipped to fight youth unemployment.
The study analysed how countries with different skill formation systems improved this type of training and assessed their relative success.
The article shows that when implementing reforms policy makers must take into account the institutions and mechanisms of coordination that prevail in each country. Otherwise, reforms may be unsuccessful.

"This article examines the determinants of outsiderness among young people and thus contributes to the growing literature on dualization. Complementing the argument developed by Palier and Thelen - originally developed to characterize the situation in Continental Europe - we provide a new explanation to the kind of dualization (age-based) that characterizes Southern Europe, Anglo-Saxon countries and (a few) Nordic countries. High deindustrialization and social conflict are the cornerstone of the theoretical argument developed in this article. It is argued that the former reduces the share of available stable jobs and the latter brings about an uneven distribution of risk across different social groups. Using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), we show that these two factors are crucial to explain high levels of outsiderness among young people. To complement the fsQCA analysis, a qualitative discussion is provided of three case studies (Portugal, UK and Denmark)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Este artigo visa discutir as concepções que orientaram a construção dos instrumentos de apoio à agricultura familiar contidos no Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (PRONAF). A identificação dos fundamentos originais deste programa se reveste de uma importância maior para a inteligibilidade dos processos de ajustes das políticas em favor da agricultura familiar. Discutem-se os pressupostos dos diferentes pensamentos que prescrevem a sustentação das formas familiares de produção agrícola, tendo como parâmetro fundamental o período compreendido entre a criação do PRONAF (1995) e a metade do segundo mandato de Fernando Henrique Cardoso (2000). As intenções deste trabalho se orientam, em particular, para a análise da construção dos pilares nos quais está assentado o PRONAF.

American commercial policy makers do not sympathize with Mercosul, and some ambassadors fear the US want to weaken this organization since it may be a hindrance to their plans of integrating the hemisphere. Washington is believed to want Buenos Aires as an agent in Mercosul, once Argentina affiliates to NATO. On the other hand, for Fernando Henrique Cardoso only democratic decisions can provide the necessary support to legitimate the integration. (Polit Externa/DÜI)

This paper examines the new trends in commercial relations among countries involved in the global trade market, taking into account new determining factors such as China's probable admission into the WTO and the growing participation of some Asian countries in the global trade. It is also emphasized that, despite its economic stability, Brazil has been losing ground to other emerging economies because of the lack of qualified staff to conduct its internal transition into a more realistic and updated view of global trade, and also due to its domestic commercial deficit and a restrictive policy. (Polit Externa/DÜI)

AbstractOver the past decades, the level of regulation of fixed-term contracts has been in flux. Many reforms deregulating these contracts were followed by a regulatory countertrend, a puzzling finding considering influential theoretical expectations like the ones developed by the dualization and liberalization literatures. This paper draws on the comparative employment relations and comparative political economy literatures to identify the drivers of pro-outsider reforms. Furthermore, it develops an innovative argument claiming that governments may rely on support from a 'domestic coalition' including workers in permanent contracts, or they can leverage the European link to support their intention of conducting a pro-outsider reform. Each of these paths relies on the assemblage of distinct pro-reform coalitions of policy actors. To test our argument, the paper uses fsQCA. We compare 38 reforms enacted in 16 European countries between 1985–2019. After the fsQCA analysis, we conduct a qualitative discussion of the different paths.

This text analyses the development of Nature Farming in Brazil; this farming system is espoused by a group of organizations linked to the Brazilian Church of World Messianity which consider it necessary to achieve "Paradise on Earth," a world "free of disease, poverty, and conflict" envisioned by Mokichi Okada, the Japanese founder of this movement. Following in the footsteps of the philosopher Emilie Hache, this case is considered as a potentially practical response to the contemporary ecological crisis, and understood to be simultaneously moral, political, and epistemological in origin. The text highlights how the two main agricultural activity systems supported by the movement (market gardening and poultry farming) have followed very different evolutionary paths. Both systems are subject to the same group of tensions: the movement's identity and religious requirements on the one hand, and technical and financial performance requirements on the other. These tensions are resolved very differently due to the distinct constraints on gardening and poultry raising within the Nature Farming philosophy. This analysis highlights the contributions and limitations of this dynamic as well as its reach, which extends well beyond its own borders, revealing how a moral and political experiment of this type can be relevant in addressing the challenges of sustainable development.elocation-id: e2230104Received: 08.13.2021 • Accepted: 02.08.2022 • Published: 02.23.2022Original article / Blind peer review / Open access

O artigo focaliza o crescimento do bairro Demétria, em Botucatu/SP, local de nascimento de uma importante iniciativa brasileira em favor da agricultura biodinâmica, braço da filosofia antroposófica. A análise se apoia na teoria das justificações, a partir da qual foi concebida a metodologia de pesquisa. Nesta ótica, a noção de justiça ecológica foi particularmente mobilizada. Com efeito, é possível considerar que as mudanças no bairro, com a instalação de muitos residentes e com grande conversão no uso do solo, enfraquecem a perspectiva de construção de um mundo justo e ecológico, com inspiração na antroposofia. Todavia, as forças de resistência local, diante de uma mutação desestruturante dos ideais fundadores do bairro, procuram inclusive difundir propostas assentadas em valores ecológicos para além das fronteiras do bairro, com êxito limitado.