Suchergebnisse

Hands on the Census: Microdata from the 1991 Census of Population in Britain

To determine whether poll information affects individual opinion; uses the topic of abortion for the experiment.

The bandwagon was the caravan in a circus that carried the band, and usually took the lead in a procession. It has come to stand as a symbol for a party or a cause which is successful; we talk of people wanting to climb on to a bandwagon when their desire to be associated with the winning party or cause is strong. A 'bandwagon effect' is the label given by social scientists to a situation where the information about majority opinion itself causes some people to adopt the majority view for whatever reason; conversely, an 'underdog' effect is held to exist if the information causes some people to adopt a minority view. Processes of this kind are of theoretical interest because they affect the possibility of stable prediction in the social sciences; if the very act of predicting that one party will win an election can be a self-fulfilling prophecy then the natural scientific model of the social sciences may be compromised. Bandwagon processes are also of practical importance to pollsters, since the professional nature of their trade might also be compromised if their predictions could be shown to be interfering in political reality. These effects have therefore received a fair amount of attention in the literature. The main context studied has been the effect of exposure to an opinion poll on the general public. In this article, I shall first examine the existing evidence for poll effects of this kind, and then present and discuss a study of such effects.

THE BANDWAGON WAS THE CARAVAN IN A CIRCUS THAT CARRIED THE BAND, AND USUALLY TOOK THE LEAD IN A PROCESSION. IT HAS COME TO STAND AS A SYMBOL FOR A PARTY OR A CAUSE WHICH IS SUCCESSFUL; WE TALK OF PEOPLE WANTING TO CLIMB ON TO A BANDWAGON WHEN THEIR DESIRE TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH THE WINNING PARTY OR CAUSE IS STRONG. A 'BANDWAGON EFFECT' IS THE LABEL GIVEN BY SOCIAL SCIENTISTS TO A SITUATION WHERE THE INFORMATION ABOUT MAJORITY OPINION ITSELF CAUSES SOME PEOPLE TO ADOPT THE MAJORITY VIEW FOR WHATEVER REASON; CONVERSELY, AN 'UNDERDOG' EFFECT IS HELD TO EXIST IF THE INFORMATION CAUSES SOME PEOPLE TO ADOPT A MINORITY VIEW. PROCESSES OF THIS KIND ARE OF THEORETICAL INTEREST BECAUSE THEY AFFECT THE POSSIBLITY OF STABLE PREDICTION IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES; IF THE VERY ACT OF PREDICTING THAT ONE PARTY WILL WIN AN ELECTION CAN BE A SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY1 THEN THE NATURAL SCIENTIFIC MODEL OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES MAY BE COMPROMISED. BANDWAGON PROCESSES ARE ALSO OF PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE TO POLLSTERS, SINCE THE PROFESSIONAL NATURE OF THEIR TRADE MIGHT ALSO BE COMPROMISED IF THEIR PREDICTIONS COULD BE SHOWN TO BE INTERFERING IN POLITICAL REALITY. THESE EFFECTS HAVE THEREFORE RECEIVED A FAIR AMOUNT OF ATTENTION IN THE LITERATURE. THE MAIN CONTEXT STUDIED HAS BEEN THE EFFECT OF EXPOSURE TO AN OPINION POLL ON THE GENERAL PUBLIC. IN THIS ARTICLE. I SHALL FIRST EXAMINE THE EXISTING EVIDENCE FOR POLL EFFECTS OF THIS KIND, AND THEN PRESENT AND DISCUSS A STUDY OF SUCH EFFECTS.

In scrutinizing the effectiveness of the teaching of research methods, it is important to devote some time to considering how the skills are assessed. The three hour unseen examination is particularly unsuitable to assessment in this area; it constrains teaching in a detrimental fashion and assesses fluent ability to talk about how research is or should be done rather than the competence of any individual to do it. Evidence is adduced from recent compendia of syllabuses of research methods courses that this style of assessment is still popular, however.