Suchergebnisse

[ES]La presente tesis doctoral aborda la cuestión de la internacionalización de Miguel de Unamuno a través del estudio de sus relaciones con el extranjero, analizando la correspondencia que a lo largo de su vida le enviaron sus remitentes internacionales y que se custodia en su archivo personal, situado en la Casa Museo Unamuno de Salamanca. Empleando una perspectiva que centra la investigación en los remitentes y en las redes en las que se desarrollaron las relaciones de Unamuno con el extranjero, el presente trabajo ofrece un análisis de los rasgos que definen su correspondencia internacional y de los principales temas que trataron en sus cartas los cientos de individuos que le escribieron. A partir del estudio de estos vínculos, esta tesis sitúa a Miguel de Unamuno en el amplio contexto en el que se desarrollaron su vida y su obra, mostrando a Unamuno como el intelectual internacional que fue. ; [EN]This doctoral thesis addresses Miguel de Unamuno's internationalization through the study of his foreign relations, analyzing the letters sent by his international correspondents, held in his archive, located in the Casa Museo Unamuno, in Salamanca. With a perspective that focuses the research on the correspondents and the networks in which Unamuno's international relations took place, this study offers an analysis of the features that define Miguel de Unamuno's international correspondence and of the main topics that his hundreds of correspondents discussed in their letters. Through the study of these links, this thesis places Miguel de Unamuno in the broad context in which his life and his work developed, showing him as the international intellectual he was.

The influence of English as an international language has increased in many areas, from scientific, technological, economic and political fields to cinema, music and advertising. The use of English as a global language has exerted an enormous pressure over languages, especially on the lexical level. Since the second half of the 20th century, many works have already dealt with Anglicisms in Spanish (most cases of recent borrowings) in various fields, including fashion (Balteiro and Campos, 2012) and television cosmetics commercials (Rodríguez Medina, 2016a), but the study of descriptions provided by the brands for their cosmetic products has received less attention in Spanish. This paper provides an analysis of facial cosmetics descriptions selected from a corpus collected in 2016 from four Spanish cosmetic brands. Language creativity exploiting both the use of English borrowings and the influence of the English language in some orthographical patterns related to word-formation processes in Spanish in this genre will be discussed. The proportion of the influence of the English language on this kind of texts may be an important factor in determining its socio-psychological effect on the target public; besides, the quantitative results will be compared with those obtained in our previous studies in the fields of tourism and computing. A qualitative analysis of a selection of examples from our corpus will be offered. The present study intends to illustrate the influence of the English language on the information consumers can read about cosmetic products.

The influence of English as an international language has increased in many areas, from scientific, technological, economic and political fields to cinema, music and advertising. The use of English as a global language has exerted an enormous pressure over languages, especially on the lexical level. Since the second half of the 20th century, many works have already dealt with Anglicisms in Spanish (most cases of recent borrowings) in various fields, including fashion (Balteiro and Campos, 2012) and television cosmetics commercials (Rodríguez Medina, 2016a), but the study of descriptions provided by the brands for their cosmetic products has received less attention in Spanish. This paper provides an analysis of facial cosmetics descriptions selected from a corpus collected in 2016 from four Spanish cosmetic brands. Language creativity exploiting both the use of English borrowings and the influence of the English language in some orthographical patterns related to word-formation processes in Spanish in this genre will be discussed. The proportion of the influence of the English language on this kind of texts may be an important factor in determining its socio-psychological effect on the target public; besides, the quantitative results will be compared with those obtained in our previous studies in the fields of tourism and computing. A qualitative analysis of a selection of examples from our corpus will be offered. The present study intends to illustrate the influence of the English language on the information consumers can read about cosmetic products.

El espíritu emprendedor es una de las competencias básicas de los sistemas educativos actuales. Desde la Unión Europea, se le da gran importancia al espíritu emprendedor y anima a los países a que introduzcan en sus currículos objetivos relacionados con esta competencia. El espíritu emprendedor es una competencia muy compleja de fomentar en la Educación Primaria, donde los alumnos no tienen conocimientos básicos sobre aspectos de mercado. "Apr3nD y Empr3nD en 3D" es una experiencia didáctica que combina emprendimiento y nuevas tecnologías. Ha sido galardonada con una Mención de Honor en los Premios a la Innovación Educativa de la CARM. ; Entrepreneurial spirit is a key competence of the current educational system. The European Union gives a great importance to the entrepreneurial spirit. In this sense, the European Union encourages all countries to introduce objectives related to this competence in their school curriculum Entrepreneurial spirit is very difficult to develop in Primary Education because students haven´t basic knowledge about business or market aspects yet. "Apr3nD y Empr3nD en 3D" is a didactic experience that combines entrepreneurship and new technologies and it has been awarded an honourable mention in the Educational Innovation Awards of the CARM.

Unsupported and high specific surface area (S-BET) catalyst precursors for deep-hydrodesulfurization (deep-HDS) are obtained using an environmental friendly, continuous and fast synthesis process in supercritical water/alcohol mixtures. This approach offers an access to high production rate and upscaling. Two mixed oxides were synthesized: NiMoO4, which is the preferred material when deep-HDS is investigated, and CoMoO4 preferred for simple HDS. The role of the water/alcohol mixture on the resulting specific surface area has been studied and allows a controlled adjustment of the resulting specific surface area. The obtained NiMoO4 material consists of the highly active hydrate NiMoO4 center dot 0.75H(2)O phase with a controlled composition and specific surface area up to 200 m(2) g(-1). Resulting materials have shown great performances when tested in deep-HDS catalytic tests. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. ; Financial support by the Spanish Government-MINECO through "Severo Ochoa" (SEV 2012-0267) CTQ2015-70126-R is acknowledged. ; Theodet, M.; Quilfen, C.; Martínez, C.; Aymonier, C. (2016). Continuous supercritical synthesis of unsupported and high specific surface area catalyst precursors for deep-hydrodesulfurization. Journal of Supercritical Fluids. 117:252-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2016.07.002 ; S ; 252 ; 259 ; 117

[EN] In the last few years, important efforts have been made to synthesize so-called "multipore" zeolites, which contain channels of different dimensions within the same crystalline structure. This is a very attractive subject, since the presence of pores of different sizes would favor the preferential diffusion of reactants and products through those different channel systems, allowing unique catalytic activities for specific chemical processes. In this Review we describe the most attractive achievements in the rational synthesis of multipore zeolites, containing small to extra-large pores, and the improvements reported for relevant chemical processes when these multipore zeolites have been used as catalysts. ; Financial support by the Spanish Government-MINECO through "Severo Ochoa" (SEV 2012-0267), Consolider Ingenio 2010-Multicat, MAT2012-37160, MAT2012-31657 and Intramural-201480I015 is acknowledged. ; Moliner Marin, M.; Martínez, C.; Corma Canós, A. (2015). Multipore zeolites: synthesis and catalytic applications. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 54(12):3560-3579. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201406344 ; S ; 3560 ; 3579 ; 54 ; 12

[EN] Non-oxidative methane aromatization is an attractive direct route for producing higher hydrocarbons. It is highly selective to benzene despite the low conversion due to thermodynamic limitations, and Mo/H-ZSM-5, the first catalyst proposed for this reaction, is still considered as one of the most adequate. The major problem of this process is the severe catalyst deactivation due to the rapid build-up of carbonaceous deposits on the catalysts. Here we present an effective regeneration procedure that extends the life of Mo/zeolite based catalysts by combining reaction periods of 1.5 h with 0.5 h regeneration steps in a continuous cyclic mode and methane activation after each regeneration stage. Benzene productivity obtained with Mo/ZSM-5 is shown to be almost constant for increasing TOS ranges when applying this new cyclic protocol, and threefold values are achieved for an 18 h on stream period by limiting the reaction steps to the first 1.5 h of maximum benzene selectivity (97 vs. 33 g benzene per kg cat h) compared to a conventional single run. ; Funding from the European Community's 7th Framework Program through the Collaborative Project Next-GTL (agreement n° 229183) and financial support by the Spanish GovernmentMINECO through "Severo Ochoa" (SEV 2012-0267), Consolider Ingenio 2010-Multicat, MAT2012-37160 and MAT2012-31657 are acknowledged. The authors thank B. Esparcia for technical assistance and the Electron Microscopy Service of the UPV for their help in sample characterization. ; Portilla Ovejero, MT.; Llopis Alonso, F.; Martínez, C. (2015). Non-oxidative dehydroaromatization of methane:an effective reaction regeneration cyclic operation for catalyst life extension. Catalysis Science and Technology. 5(7):3806-3821. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CY00356C ; S ; 3806 ; 3821 ; 5 ; 7

3806 3821 5 7 ; S ; [EN] Non-oxidative methane aromatization is an attractive direct route for producing higher hydrocarbons. It is highly selective to benzene despite the low conversion due to thermodynamic limitations, and Mo/H-ZSM-5, the first catalyst proposed for this reaction, is still considered as one of the most adequate. The major problem of this process is the severe catalyst deactivation due to the rapid build-up of carbonaceous deposits on the catalysts. Here we present an effective regeneration procedure that extends the life of Mo/zeolite based catalysts by combining reaction periods of 1.5 h with 0.5 h regeneration steps in a continuous cyclic mode and methane activation after each regeneration stage. Benzene productivity obtained with Mo/ZSM-5 is shown to be almost constant for increasing TOS ranges when applying this new cyclic protocol, and threefold values are achieved for an 18 h on stream period by limiting the reaction steps to the first 1.5 h of maximum benzene selectivity (97 vs. 33 g benzene per kg cat h) compared to a conventional single run. Funding from the European Community's 7th Framework Program through the Collaborative Project Next-GTL (agreement n° 229183) and financial support by the Spanish GovernmentMINECO through "Severo Ochoa" (SEV 2012-0267), Consolider Ingenio 2010-Multicat, MAT2012-37160 and MAT2012-31657 are acknowledged. The authors thank B. Esparcia for technical assistance and the Electron Microscopy Service of the UPV for their help in sample characterization. Portilla Ovejero, MT.; Llopis Alonso, F.; Martínez, C. (2015). Non-oxidative dehydroaromatization of methane:an effective reaction regeneration cyclic operation for catalyst life extension. Catalysis Science and Technology. 5(7):3806-3821. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CY00356C

[EN] Methane, the main component of natural gas, is an interesting source of chemicals and clean liquid fuels, and a promising alternative raw material to oil. Among the possible direct routes for methane conversion, its aromatization under non-oxidative conditions has received increasing attention, despite the low conversions obtained due to thermodynamic limitations, because of its high selectivity to benzene. Mo/H-ZSM-5, the first bifunctional zeolite-catalyst proposed for this reaction, is still considered as one of the most adequate and has been widely studied. Although the mono- or bifunctional nature of the MDA mechanism is still under debate, it is generally accepted that the Mo species activate the C-H bond in methane, producing the intermediates. These will aromatize on the Bronsted acid sites of the zeolite, whose pore dimensions will provide the shape selectivity needed for converting methane into benzene. An additional role of the zeolite's Bronsted acid sites is to promote the dispersion of the Mo oxide precursor. Here, we show the influence of the different preparation steps-metal incorporation, calcination and activation of the Mo/ZSM-5- on the metal dispersion and, therefore, on the activity and selectivity of the final catalyst. Metal dispersion is enhanced when the samples are calcined under dynamic conditions (DC) and activated in N-2, and the benefits are larger when the metal has been incorporated by solid state reaction (SSR), as observed by FESEM-BSE and H-2-TPR. This leads to catalysts with higher activity, increased aromatic selectivity and improved stability towards deactivation. ; This work has been supported by the Spanish Government-MICINN through "Severo Ochoa" (SEV-2016-0683, MINECO) and RTI2018-101033-B-I00 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE), and by Generalitat Valenciana (AICO/2019/060). The authors thank B. Esparcia for technical assistance and the electron Microscopy Service of the UPV for their help in sample characterization. ; Portilla, MT.; Llopis, FJ.; Moliner Marin, M.; Martínez, C. ...

[EN] The characterization and catalytic performance of Zn/ZSM-5 and Zn-B/ZSM-5 catalysts in the n-hexane aromatization was reported. Catalysts were prepared by post-synthesis ion exchange and thoroughly characterized by means of XRD, Py-FTIR, N-2 adsorption, Al-27 and B-11 MAS NMR spectroscopy and electron microscopy techniques. The incorporation of zinc reduces the Bronsted acid site density and increases the Lewis acidic sites of the final ZSM-5 based catalysts. The presence of boron slightly reduces the initial activity of the catalyst but slows down its deactivation rate. ; This research is funded by Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under grant number 104.05-2018.306, M.T. Portilla and C. Martinez acknowledge support by the Spanish Government-MICINN through 'Severo Ochoa"(SEV-2016-0683) and RTI2018-101033-B-I00, by the Fundacion Ramon Areces through a research contract of the "Life and Materials Science" program, and by Generalitat Valenciana through AICO/2019/060. The Electron Microscopy Service of the UPV is acknowledged for their help in sample characterization. We thank E. Briz for technical assistance. ; Huyen, PT.; Trinh, VD.; Portilla, MT.; Martínez, C. (2021). Influence of boron promotion on the physico-chemical properties and catalytic behavior of Zn/ZSM-5 in the aromatization of n-hexane. Catalysis Today. 366:97-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2020.03.030 ; S ; 97 ; 102 ; 366

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), including cancer, are responsible for almost 70% of all deaths worldwide. Tobacco use is a risk factor common to most NCDs. This article discusses tobacco control policies and highlights major achievements and open challenges to reduce smoking prevalence and attributable morbidity and mortality in the 21st century. The introduction of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2005 has been a key achievement in the field and has already facilitated a drop in both smoking prevalence and exposure to secondhand smoke. Indicatively, the size of the worldwide population benefiting from at least one cost-effective tobacco control policy has quadrupled since 2007. In addition, plain cigarette packaging has been successfully introduced as a tobacco control policy, surmounting efforts of the tobacco industry to challenge this based on trade and investment law. Nevertheless, tobacco control still faces major challenges. Smoking prevalence needs to be further reduced in a rather expedited manner. Smoke-free environments should be extended, and the use of plain tobacco packaging with large pictorial health warnings for all tobacco products should be further promoted in some parts of the world. Some of these measures will require prompt determination and diligence. For example, bold political decisions are needed to significantly increase real prices of tobacco products through excise taxes, ban added ingredients that are currently used to increase the attractiveness of tobacco products and ban the tobacco industry's corporate social responsibility initiatives. Finally, the debate on harm reduction strategies for tobacco control still needs to be resolved.

[EN] In the present manuscript, the influence of the zeolite structure and crystal size on bifunctional tandem catalysts combining K-promoted iron oxide (K/Fe3O4) with different zeolites has been studied for the CO(2)hydrogenation reaction at 320 degrees C and 25 bar. First, to evaluate the influence of the zeolite structure on CO(2)conversion, three different zeolite topologies have been evaluated (BEA, MFI and CHA) with similar Si/Al molar ratios. The combination of K/Fe(3)O(4)with MFI maximizes the formation of aromatic products, while its combination with CHA and BEA increases the C-1-C(4)gas fractions, with a high olefin selectivity. In addition, aromatics and aliphatic hydrocarbons are present in the condensed liquids of the tandem catalysts containing BEA, while no aromatics are observed for those with CHA. These different product selectivities can be ascribed to the different consecutive reactions within the three zeolites, where MFI favors the aromatization of alkenes, and BEA and CHA favor oligomerization/cracking reactions leading to an increase of light olefin yield. Second, the evaluation of the nanosized form of the three proposed zeolite frameworks has also been carried out. The reduction of the particle size allows for increasing light olefin selectivity in all cases as compared to zeolites with larger crystals. Shorter intracrystalline diffusion paths facilitate the egression of light olefins before being involved in consecutive oligomerization reactions. In the particular case of the tandem catalysts with nanosized MFI zeolites, the C-2-C(4)fraction and its olefinicity are increased while maintaining the overall aromatic selectivity comparable to that obtained with micron-sized MFI zeolites. ; This work was supported by the Spanish Government through "Severo Ochoa" (SEV-2016-0683, MINECO) and RTI2018-101033-B-I00 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE), by the Fundacion Ramon Areces through a research contract (CIVP18A3908) and by Generalitat Valenciana (AICO/2019/060). A. R. F. acknowledges the Spanish ...

Background: tobacco control policies can reduce smoking prevalence. These measures may be less effective where smoking prevalence has significantly declined, as the remaining smokers have 'hardened'. Our aim was to empirically evaluate the 'hardening hypothesis' at the population level in the European Union (EU) and explore factors associated with hardcore smoking. Methods: we conducted two separate analyses in the EU using data on smoking from the Eurobarometer surveys (2009-2017, n=112 745). 1) A panel-data fixed-effects linear regression to investigate changes over time in the percentage of hardcore smokers in relation to standardised smoking prevalence at the country level. 2) A multilevel logistic regression analysis with hardcore (daily smokers, ≥15 cigarettes per day who have not attempted to quit in the last 12 months) or light (<5 cigarettes per day) smoking as the dependent variable and time as the main independent variable, controlling for individual and ecological variables. Results: we studied 29 010 current smokers (43.8% hardcore smokers and 14.7% light smokers). The prevalence of hardcore smoking among adult smokers increased by 0.55 (95% CI 0.14-0.96) percentage points per each additional percentage point in the overall smoking prevalence. The odds of being a hardcore smoker increased over time and were higher in middle-aged males and people with financial difficulties, while the odds of being a light smoker significantly declined among females. Conclusion: this study does not support the 'hardening hypothesis' in the EU between 2009 and 2017, but suggests a softening of the smoking population. Existing tobacco control policies are likely to be suitable to further decrease smoking prevalence in Europe.

OBJECTIVE: To assess attitudes towards the extension of outdoor smoke-free areas on university campuses. METHODS: Cross-sectional study (n=384) conducted using a questionnaire administered to medical and nursing students in Barcelona in 2014. Information was obtained pertaining to support for indoor and outdoor smoking bans on university campuses, and the importance of acting as role models. Logistic regression analyses were performed to examine agreement. RESULTS: Most of the students agreed on the importance of health professionals and students as role models (74.9% and 64.1%, respectively) although there were statistically significant differences by smoking status and age. 90% of students reported exposure to smoke on campus. Students expressed strong support for indoor smoke-free policies (97.9%). However, only 39.3% of participants supported regulation of outdoor smoking for university campuses. Non-smokers (OR=12.315; 95% CI: 5.377-28.204) and students ≥22 years old (OR=3.001; 95% CI: 1.439-6.257) were the strongest supporters. CONCLUSIONS: The students supported indoor smoke-free policies for universities. However, support for extending smoke-free regulations to outdoor areas of university campuses was limited. It is necessary to educate students about tobacco control and emphasise their importance as role models before extending outdoor smoke-free legislation at university campuses.

[EN] The hydrogenation activity and physico-chemical characterization of a series of NiMo catalyst supported on materials with different acid-base properties (Al2O3, layered double hydroxides-derived MgAl oxides and MgO) have been investigated. The results show a clear correlation between the electrodonor capacity of the support, the negative charge density of the supported NiMo oxides and the intrinsic hydrogenation rate of the sulfided phase. Spectroscopic characterization ruled out any possible contribution derived from differences in the NiMoS2 stack or slab size distributions, as determined by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The experimental results obtained suggest the occurrence of an electron transfer phenomena from the support to the supported NiMoS2 slabs, being this effect stronger for supports with higher electrodonor capacity. This work presents a specific electronic support effect that goes beyond the classical dispersing and stabilizing role. ; This work has been supported by ExxonMobil Research and Engi-neering and by the Spanish Government through RTI2018-101033-B-I00 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE) . We thank the Electron Microscopy Service of the UPV for their help in sample characterization. ; López-Cruz, C.; Guzman, J.; Cao, G.; Martínez, C.; Corma Canós, A. (2021). Modifying the catalytic properties of hydrotreating NiMo-S phases by changing the electrodonor capacity of the support. Catalysis Today. 382:130-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2021.08.002 ; S ; 130 ; 141 ; 382