Suchergebnisse

El presente artículo expone el proceso de modernización de Quito y la transformación de la ciudad, mediante iniciativas del Estado y la empresa privada, entre 1906 y 1960. Una de las acciones fue la ejecución de obras públicas que dan cuenta del interés de los gobiernos por implantar infraestructuras urbanas que preparan a la ciudad al cambio de época. Este proceso fue posible por la aplicación de políticas públicas de salubridad y la provisión de equipamiento urbano como electricidad, agua potable y alcantarillado, además de telecomunicaciones y arquitectura pública moderna, en altura y construida en hormigón armado. Estos fueron algunos recursos que viabilizaron el discurso de la modernidad y el de la arquitectura moderna. En la práctica, representan otra manera de entender la salud, la higiene personal, el confort, la movilidad; es decir, ser moderno. El artículo fue elaborado, sobre todo, a partir de notas de prensa del periódico El Comercio, medio de comunicación que fue un gran aliado del cambio hacia la modernidad.Palabras clave: Periódico El Comercio, obras públicas, Quito, ciudad moderna, modernidad, siglo XX. AbstractThis article presents the modernization process of Quito and the transformation of the city through initiatives of the State and private companies, between 1906 and 1965. One of the activities was the execution of public works that show the interest of governments to implement urban infrastructures that prepare the city the conditions to stablish modern architecture. This process was possible due to the submission of public health policies and the provision of urban equipment: electricity, drinking water, sewerage, followed by telecommunications and modern public architecture built in reinforced concrete. These were some resources that made the discourse of modernity and that of modern architecture viable. In practice, they represent another way of understanding health, personal hygiene, comfort, mobility, that is, being modern. The article was elaborated mainly from press releases by "El Comercio" newspaper, a means of communication that was the great ally of the change towards modernity.Keywords: "El Comercio" newspaper, public works, Quito, modern city, modernity, Twentieth century.

O objetivo deste trabalho é compreender as alterações na lógica que orienta o trato das manifestações da questão social na atualidade, tomando como referência a realidade do Brasil e do Uruguai. Inicia-se pela análise das mudanças contemporâneas nas sociedades capitalistas, prestando especial atenção nas alterações dos princípios que estruturam a proteção social. Dessa forma, identifica-se algumas tendências das reformas nas políticas sociais nos governos progressistas que se consolidam na virada do século.

La crisis de las finanzas públicas ha tenido consecuencias muy importantes en lo que ha pasado a representar la financiación privada en los presupuestos de las universidades públicas españolas. Estos cambios vienen influidos básicamente por dos decisiones de origen autonómico, la reducción de la subvención nominativa que reciben las universidades públicas por parte de los gobiernos de sus respectivas Comunidades Autónomas (CC.AA.) y el aumento del monto correspondiente a las matrículas que abonan los estudiantes y sus familias. Ante esta situación, el presente artículo se concentra en analizar que ha ocurrido con los precios públicos de las enseñanzas oficiales de grado y máster en las universidades públicas españolas en el periodo de la crisis económica (2008/09-2015/16). Se han llevado a cabo tres tipos de análisis de los precios de matrícula para cuantificar las diferencias "intra" o dentro de la propia comunidad autónoma (en referencia a los diferentes precios por grado de experimentalidad), las diferencias "entre" CC.AA. y, por último, si se ha producido convergencia (o divergencia) regional de los precios de matrícula, tanto en grado como en máster, a raíz de la crisis económica. Las autoras concluyen que con el esquema de precios tan asimétrico que existe actualmente, se producen grandes diferencias a nivel autonómico, lo que afecta directamente a los estudiantes que acceden a universidades públicas en las diferentes CC.AA., especialmente a aquellos que proceden de Comunidades con precios más altos y que provienen de familias con menores niveles de renta. Finalmente, se recogen en las conclusiones algunas propuestas de reforma ; The crisis of public finances has had very important consequences in the private funding of the Spanish public universities budgets. These changes are mainly influenced by two decisions of regional governments, the reduction of the block grant that public universities of their territories have obtained and the increase in the amount of tuition fees that students (and their families) have payed. In this context, the aim of the paper is to analyze what has occurred with the public fees for the Bachelor and Master programs in Spanish public universities in the period of the economic crisis (2008/09-2015/16). Three types of analysis of tuition fees have been made to quantify differences "intra" or within the own Spanish region (in reference to the different prices per type of study), the differences "between" Spanish regions and, finally, if there has been convergence (or divergence) at regional level, both in Bachelor and Master fees, as a result of the economic crisis. The authors conclude that with the current tuition fees scheme, there are important regional differences, which directly affect university students , especially to those who come from Spanish regions with higher fees and who come from families with lower levels of income. Finally, some reform proposals are reflected in the conclusions

La crisis de las finanzas públicas ha tenido consecuencias muy importantes en lo que ha pasado a representar la financiación privada en los presupuestos de las universidades públicas españolas. Estos cambios vienen influidos básicamente por dos decisiones de origen autonómico, la reducción de la subvención nominativa que reciben las universidades públicas por parte de los gobiernos de sus respectivas Comunidades Autónomas (CC.AA.) y el aumento del monto correspondiente a las matrículas que abonan los estudiantes y sus familias. Ante esta situación, el presente artículo se concentra en analizar que ha ocurrido con los precios públicos de las enseñanzas oficiales de grado y máster en las universidades públicas españolas en el periodo de la crisis económica (2008/09-2015/16). Se han llevado a cabo tres tipos de análisis de los precios de matrícula para cuantificar las diferencias "intra" o dentro de la propia comunidad autónoma (en referencia a los diferentes precios por grado de experimentalidad), las diferencias "entre" CC.AA. y, por último, si se ha producido convergencia (o divergencia) regional de los precios de matrícula, tanto en grado como en máster, a raíz de la crisis económica. Las autoras concluyen que con el esquema de precios tan asimétrico que existe actualmente, se producen grandes diferencias a nivel autonómico, lo que afecta directamente a los estudiantes que acceden a universidades públicas en las diferentes CC.AA., especialmente a aquellos que proceden de Comunidades con precios más altos y que provienen de familias con menores niveles de renta. Finalmente, se recogen en las conclusiones algunas propuestas de reforma. AbstractThe crisis of public finances has had very important consequences in the private funding of the Spanish public universities budgets. These changes are mainly influenced by two decisions of regional governments, the reduction of the block grant that public universities of their territories have obtained and the increase in the amount of tuition fees that students (and their families) have payed. In this context, the aim of the paper is to analyze what has occurred with the public fees for the Bachelor and Master programs in Spanish public universities in the period of the economic crisis (2008/09-2015/16). Three types of analysis of tuition fees have been made to quantify differences "intra" or within the own Spanish region (in reference to the different prices per type of study), the differences "between" Spanish regions and, finally, if there has been convergence (or divergence) at regional level, both in Bachelor and Master fees, as a result of the economic crisis. The authors conclude that with the current tuition fees scheme, there are important regional differences, which directly affect university students , especially to those who come from Spanish regions with higher fees and who come from families with lower levels of income. Finally, some reform proposals are reflected in the conclusions.

This article incorporates the occurrence of seismic events in the study of the construction stages of Quito architecture, since they represent inflection points, and mark a before and after in the history of the city, particularly earthquakes. During the 17th and 19th centuries, Quito was shaken by 18 earthquakes; of these, five compromised the structures of the buildings: 1587, 1662, 1755, 1859, and 1868. The study of the architectural morphology of six buildings: La Catedral, La Compañía de Jesus, San Francisco, La Merced, Santo Domingo, and San Agustín, describe the circumstances of their transformation and the most frequent risks, physical, economic, and social reactions, interwoven in the construction which, until then, used materials and similar techniques in the period studied. However, review of the transformations that occurred in the buildings, show that the monumental architecture of Quito´s heritage is made up of parts, each representing a chapter of the city's history, necessary reforms, political projects, and local and global symbols of power. The earthquake contributed in this process to configure the proportions of the architecture and characteristic urban profile of Quito.

AbstractFirm innovation is a complex and multidimensional process that is affected by internal and external factors. Companies and governments have traditionally tried to promote in‐house innovation by promoting research and development investment. In an economy characterized by a large percentage of small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises and continuous change toward digital and green transition, many companies struggle to innovate because of their lack of resources, knowledge, or capabilities. In this context, the external links and networks that materialize through active engagement in innovation activities with market and institutional agents are key, and analyzing cooperation for innovation is essential to obtain an overview to promote innovation. This study contributes to the understanding of (1) the drivers in innovative companies that lead to cooperation with external agents for innovation; (2) the relative importance of these drivers for cooperation; (3) the extent to which the eco‐innovation orientation of a company affects its engagement in collaborations with other stakeholders; and (4) an understanding of the differences in the cooperation drivers according to the type of collaborator (institutional, market, or both). Using data from the Spanish Technological Innovation Panel and machine‐learning techniques, we confirm the importance of internal and external factors, namely public financing, the environmental and social orientation of innovation, and the commitment to innovation. This research also reveals the asymmetric impact of many of the cooperation drivers, and that company cooperation with both market and institutional agents leads to higher innovation performance. The findings have important implications for policymakers and practitioners.

PurposeSeeks to evaluate the link between task and relationship conflict, and their influence on some employees' affective reactions such as satisfaction, wellbeing, and propensity to leave a job; and to analyse the mediated and moderated role of relationship conflict.Design/methodology/approachThe study involved 169 employees from six service organizations (hotels) in Andalusia (Spain). A questionnaire was used containing different measures: task and relationship conflict, wellbeing, job satisfaction, and propensity to leave the job.FindingsThe two types of conflict have different consequences. Data show that relationship conflict is negatively associated with affective reactions, while task conflict does not relate directly to affective reactions in a predictable way; relationship conflict has a positive influence on the desire to leave the current job, while task conflict does not affect it negatively; the interactive effect of relationships and task conflict shows that this interaction contributes substantially to predict the propensity to leave the current job; and relationship conflict mediates in the link between task conflict and affective reactions.Research limitations/implicationsA high level of task conflict may backfire by boosting relationship conflict as well, thus having a negative effect on affective reactions. Thus some conclusions can be drawn with a view to improving conflict management in teams. First an attempt must be made to understand the type of conflict that is taking place. Second, managers should encourage open discussion of task‐related issues. Third, special attention should be paid to the level of each conflict because of its interactive effects on some affective outcomes. Thus, in spite of the generally beneficial effects associated with task conflict, the intensification of task‐related conflict may backfire when interacting with dysfunctional affective‐dissent.Originality/valueServes too analyze the mediated and moderated role of relationship conflict and to test the role of types of conflict on affective reactions such as wellbeing and propensity to leave the job.

© 2021 Moroni, Naya-Català, Piazzon, Rimoldi, Calduch-Giner, Giardini, Martínez, Brambilla, Pérez-Sánchez and Terova. ; The present research tested the effects of dietary nisin-producing Lactococcus lactis on growth performance, feed utilization, intestinal morphology, transcriptional response, and microbiota in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). A feeding trial was conducted with fish weighting 70–90 g. Fish were tagged with passive, integrated transponders and distributed in nine 500 L tanks with 40 fish each. Fish were fed for 12 weeks with either a control (diet A) or experimental diets (diets B and C) in triplicate (3 tanks/diet). Extruded pellets of diets B and C were supplemented with a low (2 × 109 CFU/kg) and a high (5 × 109 CFU/kg) dose of probiotic, respectively. No significant differences were found between groups for the feed conversion ratio or specific growth rates. However, the final body weight of fish fed diet C was significantly higher than the control group with intermediate values for fish fed diet B. Histological analysis conducted using a semi-quantitative scoring system showed that probiotic did not alter the morphology of the intestine and did not trigger inflammation. With regard to the transcriptomic response, a customized PCR array layout was designed to simultaneously profile a panel of 44 selected genes. Significant differences in the expression of key genes involved in innate and acquired immunity were detected between fish fed probiotic and control diets. To analyze the microbiota associated to the feeds and the gut autochthonous microbial communities, we used the Illumina MiSeq platform for sequencing the 16S rRNA gene and a metagenomics pipeline based on VSEARCH and RDP databases. The analysis of gut microbiota revealed a lack of colonization of the probiotic in the host's intestinal mucosa. However, probiotic did modulate the fish gut microbiota, confirming that colonization is not always necessary to induce host modification. In fact, diets B and C were enriched with Actinomycetales, as compared to diet A, which instead showed a higher percentage of Pseudomonas, Sphyngomonas, and Lactobacillus genera. These results were confirmed by the clear separation of gut bacterial community of fish fed with the probiotic from the bacterial community of control fish group in the beta-diversity and PLS-DA (supervised partial least-squares discriminant analysis) analyses. ; This work was supported by the EU Horizon 2020 Research Innovation Program under the TNA program (project AE130011) at IATS-CSIC research infrastructure within AQUAEXCEL2020 project (652831). This work was also co-funded by the EU Horizon 2020 AquaIMPACT project (Genomic and nutritional innovations for genetically superior farmed fish to improve efficiency in European aquaculture; 818367). This output reflects only the author's view and the European Union cannot be held responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained herein. MP was funded by a Ram n y Cajal Postdoctoral Research Fellowship [RYC2018-024049-I/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 co-funded by the European Social Fund (ESF) & ACOND/2020 Generalitat Valenciana].

Rare disease patients are more likely to receive a rapid molecular diagnosis nowadays thanks to the wide adoption of next-generation sequencing. However, many cases remain undiagnosed even after exome or genome analysis, because the methods used missed the molecular cause in a known gene, or a novel causative gene could not be identified and/or confirmed. To address these challenges, the RD-Connect Genome-Phenome Analysis Platform (GPAP) facilitates the collation, discovery, sharing, and analysis of standardized genome-phenome data within a collaborative environment. Authorized clinicians and researchers submit pseudonymised phenotypic profiles encoded using the Human Phenotype Ontology, and raw genomic data which is processed through a standardized pipeline. After an optional embargo period, the data are shared with other platform users, with the objective that similar cases in the system and queries from peers may help diagnose the case. Additionally, the platform enables bidirectional discovery of similar cases in other databases from the Matchmaker Exchange network. To facilitate genome-phenome analysis and interpretation by clinical researchers, the RD-Connect GPAP provides a powerful user-friendly interface and leverages tens of information sources. As a result, the resource has already helped diagnose hundreds of rare disease patients and discover new disease causing genes. ; We acknowledge the support of the developers of PhenoTips, which was used in the past by RD-Connect and NeurOmics as the primary tool to collate phenotypic data. We would also like to thank the leaders and members of the Instituto Nacional de Bioinformática (INB) and ELIXIR for their support and collaboration throughout the years. RD-Connect (RD-Connect, an integrated platform connecting registries, biobanks, and clinical bioinformatics) received funding from the Seventh Framework (FP7) Programme of the European Union under grant agreement No 305444. Data were analyzed using the RD-Connect GPAP, which received funding from EU ...

Rare disease patients are more likely to receive a rapid molecular diagnosis nowadays thanks to the wide adoption of next-generation sequencing. However, many cases remain undiagnosed even after exome or genome analysis, because the methods used missed the molecular cause in a known gene, or a novel causative gene could not be identified and/or confirmed. To address these challenges, the RD-Connect Genome-Phenome Analysis Platform (GPAP) facilitates the collation, discovery, sharing, and analysis of standardized genome-phenome data within a collaborative environment. Authorized clinicians and researchers submit pseudonymised phenotypic profiles encoded using the Human Phenotype Ontology, and raw genomic data which is processed through a standardized pipeline. After an optional embargo period, the data are shared with other platform users, with the objective that similar cases in the system and queries from peers may help diagnose the case. Additionally, the platform enables bidirectional discovery of similar cases in other databases from the Matchmaker Exchange network. To facilitate genome-phenome analysis and interpretation by clinical researchers, the RD-Connect GPAP provides a powerful user-friendly interface and leverages tens of information sources. As a result, the resource has already helped diagnose hundreds of rare disease patients and discover new disease causing genes. ; RD-Connect (RD-Connect, an integrated platform connecting registries, biobanks, and clinical bioinformatics) received funding from the Seventh Framework (FP7) Programme of the European Union under grant agreement No 305444. Data were analyzed using the RD-Connect GPAP, which received funding from EU projects Solve-RD, EJP-RD (grant numbers H2020 779257, H2020 825575), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Grant numbers PT13/0001/0044, PT17/0009/0019; Instituto Nacional de Bioinformática, INB), ELIXIR-EXCELERATE (Grant number EU H2020 #676559) and ELIXIR Implementation Studies (Remote real-time visualization of human rare disease genomics ...