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Data in this article are related to the chemical characterization ofvarious oak wood samples. Data have been obtained by theapplication of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy andpyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py–GC–MS) toliving tree species and shipwreck wood fragments. Measurementswere performed on individual rings in order to facilitate theunderstanding of the variability in wood chemical compositionalong the radial cores, i.e. the same kind of material traditionallyused for dendrochronological analysis. The data in this article islabelled according to the anatomical sections of the wood (sap-wood, transition wood and heartwood) where the samples weretaken. The experimental background and the results can be foundin the related research article,"Chemometric tools for identifica-tion of wood from different oak species and their potential forprovenancing of Iberian shipwrecks (16th–18th centuries CE)"(Traoré et al., 2018) ; This study was developed within the framework of the ForSEAdiscovery project funded from the People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP72007-2013) under REA Grant agreement no. PITN-GA2013-607545 ; SI

The Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica maintains a biodiverse ecosystem and it is a world-wide important carbon sink. It grows for millennia, accumulating organic-rich soils (mats) beneath the meadows. This marine habitat is protected by the European Union; however, it is declining rapidly due to coastal development. Understanding its response to disturbances could inform habitat restoration, but many environmental impacts predate monitoring programs (<50 years). This research explores the palaeoecological potential of Posidonia mats to reconstruct six thousand years of environmental change that could have affected Posidonia meadows and, in turn, left an imprint on the mats. Palynological, microcharcoal, magnetic susceptibility and glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) analyses on Posidonia mats enabled us to detect climate- and human-induced environmental processes impacting on the seagrass during the Late Holocene. The pollen and microcharcoal records reconstructed anthropogenic disturbances attributed to agriculture. The record of GRSP shows that agrarian activities affected continental soil quality. Changes in magnetic susceptibility reveal that enhanced soil erosion was caused by both climate (major flooding events in the NW Mediterranean) and humans (cultivation) which impacted on the Posidonia mat. Finally, increased human impact is linked to eutrophication of coastal waters since Roman-Medieval times. Synthesis. This study shows that climate and land-use changes in the western Mediterranean resulted in enhanced loadings of terrigenous material to the coastal zone since the Late Holocene, likely disturbing the Posidonia meadows and their mat carbon accumulation dynamics. Under the current global change scenario in which CO2 emissions are projected to increase, restoring carbon sinks is a priority. Seagrass habitat restoration should consider not only the coastal perturbations, but also the continental ones at a catchment scale to preserve the socio-economic ecosystem services provided by ...