Suchergebnisse

The aim of this article is to examine the level of socio-economic development of voivodships using HDI (Human Development Index), which considers life expectancy at birth, number of years of schooling and GDP per capita in purchasing power parity. The hypothesis about the increase in the level of voivodships development with simultaneous growth of differences between them was formulated. Statistics Poland's data for the years 1995, 2010, 2013 and 2015 were used in the research.
The research showed that HDI was growing systematically for all voivodships in the years 1995-2015 and confirmed the deepening diversification of voivodships in terms of socio-economic development. The most developed were such voivodships as: Mazowieckie, Małopolskie, Wielkopolskie and Dolnośląskie, whereas, the least developed ones were: Lubuskie, Warmińsko-Mazurskie, Podkarpackie and Świętokrzyskie.

Abstract

Research background: The paper introduces an econometric analysis of unpaid household work in Poland.

Purpose: The purpose is a quantitative analysis of the relations between the time spent on unpaid housework and some selected demographic, economic and social variables.

Research methodology: In the survey, the respondents were grouped by gender and type of locality. It was hypothesized that there are strong differences in the determinants of housework time by gender and type of locality. Multiple regression models for housework time and 23 demographic, social and economic variables were estimated and verified. The analysis was conducted on the basis of individual data from the Time Use Survey conducted by the Statistics Poland in 2013.

Results: The empirical study found no differences in the key determinants of housework time between women and men depending on the type of locality. The main factors of influence were: paid work time, time spent meeting physiological needs (sleeping, eating, washing), time spent on learning, the number of children and, finally, economic activity.

Novelty: The theoretical part outlines barely known economic theories that addressed the issue of unpaid housework. The authors describe the care economy, humanistic economics, economics of happiness, time allocation theory as well as a two-dimensional approach to poverty research. Housework (which means the unpaid activity of household members aimed at satisfying the needs of individuals forming the household) has also been out of economic mainstream categories. Even though unpopular, it has an economic value and can be replaced by market goods and services or offered by the state. The authors have been persuaded that there are tangible and intangible benefits resulting from this type of work.

The paper illustrates the method of surveying the percentage of economic entities, farms and individual households proposed by analysts of economic growth. The proportions between these entities are presented for Poland, the United States and the developed countries of Europe. In Poland, these proportions are specific, as there was in the last two decades, significant development of economic entrepreneurship, with minimal restructuring individual farms and slightly changing the number of households. The article also deals with gender issues in the economy ? it analyzes the structure of the self-employed.

The policy related to the use of renewable sources is a key element of the energy policy executed in the European Union (EU). One of the targets set for 2050 is to increase the share of electricity in energy consumption to 50%, and 80% of electricity is to be generated from low-carbon sources. In recent years, the EU economies have significantly modified their electricity production, which raises the question of the scale of these changes. The aim of the presented analysis is to assess changes in the use of renewable sources for electricity production in the EU countries in 2005–2019. Gini coefficient and k-mean are applied in the analysis. The conducted research shows that EU countries, in line with the energy policy assumptions, have both increased the share of renewable sources in energy production, especially in electricity production, as well as increased the diversity of used renewable sources. The results also indicate a vast diversity in terms of the use of such sources for the production of renewable electricity in the EU. This indicates that the energy transition is being implemented by EU countries with individual country-level approaches. Nonetheless, a variety of the EU's both support and restrictive measures are of considerable importance for the ongoing energy transition.

Modelowanie i kwantyfikacja związku pomiędzy równością płci a wzrostem gospodarczym jest wciąż stosunkowo nowym obszarem badań, chociaż opublikowano już kilka opracowań na ten temat. Celem tego artykułu jest przeanalizowanie wspomnianego związku na podstawie modelowania wykorzystującego indeks równości płci oraz główne zmienne wzrostu gospodarczego. Artykuł ma podnieść świadomość w zakresie znaczenia równości płci dla wzrostu gospodarczego oraz pomóc wypracować bardziej skuteczne strategie polityczne, odpowiadające na nowe wyzwania stojące przed Europą po kryzysie. Analiza została przeprowadzona dla krajów Regionu Morza Bałtyckiego (BSR), które różnią się istotnie pod względem rozwoju gospodarczego i społecznego, kultury oraz równości płci. Jak jednak wynika z przeprowadzonej analizy, pomimo tych różnic, we wszystkich można zaobserwować dodatni związek pomiędzy wzrostem PKB a równością płci. Zgadza się to z wynikami innych badań. Niniejszy artykuł wzbogaca badania o nowe elementy przez to, że rozpatruje zmiany na przestrzeni czasu (w przeciwieństwie do podejścia statycznego, np. [Löfström 2009]), a także wykorzystuje jeden model regresji do oceny związku pomiędzy badanymi kategoriami a nowym złożonym indeksem równości płci (GEI_UNDP oraz GEI Europejskiego Instytutu Równości Mężczyzn i Kobiet - EIGE).(fragment tekstu)