Suchergebnisse

Nowadays, production chains may cross the borders of several continents in search of greater profitability. In order to more accurately calculate countries' foreign demand, value-added exports should be used rather than gross exports. This study takes the value-added exports calculated for European Union countries and uses extended gravity models to analyze the determinants of this trade, differentiating between countries according to the main destinations for their value-added, USA, Russia and China. The results reveal certain changes according to the economic period analyzed and the destination of the goods, with respect to key variables such as the wealth of the exporting country, the level of logistics performance and distance. In 2014, China registered an improvement in its position compared to Russia.

Abstract
The EU supports agricultural policies to help farmers meet the challenges of climate change (CC) by promoting more sustainable and environmentally friendly practices. This study focuses on the European primary sector (agriculture, forestry, and fisheries), productive activities that meet humanity's basic needs, although this sector does not account for a dominant share of GDP. The analysis uses a panel data sample of 22 European countries for the period 2012–2019, and seeks to answer the following research questions: Is there a direct relationship between agricultural innovation efficiency and the technological advances implemented? What effect do GHG emissions and innovation efficiency have on CC? Which agricultural practices have the greatest effect on the volume of GHG emissions? The results indicate that the European primary sector has registered an average rise in productivity of 4%, mainly driven by technological improvements. This underscores the need for agricultural innovation policies that focus not only on improving aspects related to technology but also on making better use of existing resources. In addition, the econometric models estimated confirm that efficiency levels are the most influential determinants of temperature change, while GHG emissions are primarily explained by their own historical values. Ultimately, research and development is a tool that can be used to curb CC, along with the proper use of land and fertilizers. There is thus a need to foster novel agricultural practices that help reduce emissions while ensuring the efficiency of the sector.

The EU's Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed provides information on sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) notifications. With a set of data from the 1998-2013 period, we test the hypothesis that past notifications can determine current notifications. This is the "reputation effect", meaning that inspectors may tend to target products or countries with previous SPS problems. We analyze the scope of the reputation effect over time. We used two count data models to estimate the distribution of current notifications. In line with previous literature, our findings indicate that reputation does affect current EU notifications. Furthermore, we identify some relevant exporter countries for which reputation is long-lasting. ; El sistema de alerta rápida para alimentos de la UE informa sobre notificaciones sanitarias y fitosanitarias. Con datos del periodo 1998-2013, se comprueba la hipótesis de si notificaciones pasadas afectan a las notificaciones presentes. Se trata del efecto reputación, que implica que los inspectores pueden dirigir sus inspecciones a productos o países que hayan tenido previamente problemas sanitarios y fitosanitarios; también se analiza el alcance temporal de la reputación. Se utilizan dos modelos de recuento para estimar la distribución de las notificaciones actuales. Los resultados muestran que la reputación influye en las notificaciones actuales de la UE. Además, se identifican varios exportadores relevantes para los que la reputación tiene un efecto duradero.

[EN] The EU's Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed provides information on sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) notifications. With a set of data from the 1998-2013 period, we test the hypothesis that past notifications can determine current notifications. This is the "reputation effect", meaning that inspectors may tend to target products or countries with previous SPS problems. We analyze the scope of the reputation effect over time. We used two count data models to estimate the distribution of current notifications. In line with previous literature, our findings indicate that reputation does affect current EU notifications. Furthermore, we identify some relevant exporter countries for which reputation is long-lasting. ; [ES] El sistema de alerta rápida para alimentos de la UE informa sobre notificaciones sanitarias y fitosanitarias. Con datos del periodo 1998-2013, se comprueba la hipótesis de si notificaciones pasadas afectan a las notificaciones presentes. Se trata del efecto reputación, que implica que los inspectores pue-den dirigir sus inspecciones a productos o países que hayan tenido previamente problemas sanitarios y fi-tosanitarios; también se analiza el alcance temporal de la reputación. Se utilizan dos modelos de recuento para estimar la distribución de las notificaciones actuales. Los resultados muestran que la reputación in-fluye en las notificaciones actuales de la UE. Además, se identifican varios exportadores relevantes para los que la reputación tiene un efecto duradero ; The authors are grateful for the comments of two anonymous referees on a previous draft of this paper. V. Martinez-Gomez and L. Marti acknowledge the financial support of the Generalitat Valenciana, project GV/2015/073. ; Taghouti, I.; Martinez Gómez, VD.; Marti, L. (2017). Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures in agri-food imports from the European Union: Reputation effects over time. Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales - Agricultural and Resource Economics. 16(2):69-88. https://doi.org/10.7201/earn.2016.02.03 ; SWORD ; 69 ; 88 ...

International trade in food knows no borders, hence the need for prevention systems to avoid the consumption of products that are harmful to health. This paper proposes the use of multicriteria risk prevention tools that consider the socioeconomic and institutional conditions of food exporters. We propose the use of three decision-making methods—Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), Elimination et Choix Traduisant la Realité (ELECTRE), and Cross-Efficiency (CE)—to establish a ranking of countries that export cereals to the European Union, based on structural criteria related to the detection of potential associated risks (notifications, food quality, corruption, environmental sustainability in agriculture, and logistics). In addition, the analysis examines whether the wealth and institutional capacity of supplier countries influence their position in the ranking. The research was carried out biannually over the period from 2012–2016, allowing an assessment to be made of the possible stability of the markets. The results reveal that suppliers' rankings based exclusively on aspects related to food risk differ from importers' actual choices determined by micro/macroeconomic features (price, production volume, and economic growth). The rankings obtained by the three proposed methods are not the same, but present certain similarities, with the ability to discern countries according to their level of food risk. The proposed methodology can be applied to support sourcing strategies. In the future, food safety considerations could have increased influence in importing decisions, which would involve further difficulties for low-income countries.