The article describes social and economic views or Prof. V. Čepinskis, focuses on his social aspirations and discusses his views on the methodology of scientific cognition. It is stated that V. Čepinskis' views represent the democratic socialism trend. V. Čepinskis positively valued T.R. Malthus' theory on the development of population; in his opinion failure to provide much evidence on the human nature is the biggest blunder of science. In the theory of scientific cognition V. Čepinskis applied methodology of natural sciences for the study of social phenomena. Generally, Prof. V. Čepinskis viewpoint towards society was of synthetic nature, he maintained that social phenomena should be studied from various aspects.He searched for the common contact points in science and religion, opposed the authoritarian rule and always protected personal freedom and fought for the ideals of social justice. ; Straipsnyje mėginama išsamiau panagrinėti prof. V. Čepinskio socialinių mokslų metodologines nuostatas, jo požiūrį į socializmą, apibūdinti šio žymaus fiziko visuomeninę veiklą tarpukario metais. Iš V. Čepinskio raštų, kalbų, pasisakymų matyti jį akcentavus nematerialines vertybes, gynus pilietinę visuomenę ir demokratiją, pabrėžus mokslo vienovę. Tuo šis mokslininkas įdomus ir XXI a. socialinių sričių tyrinėtojams, ūkio reformatoriams, politikams. Straipsniu mėginama suaktualinti Lietuvos XIX-XX a. socialinės ekonominės-mokslinės minties nagrinėjimą. Praeities mokslininkų intelektualinio palikimo pažinimas padės jaunajai mokslininkų kartai greičiau įsitraukti į šalies socialinio gyvenimo formavimą remiantis amžinosiomis vertybėmis.
Vladas Jurgutis (1885–1966) was a famous Lithuanian economist, an excellent pedagogue, and the ruler of the Lithuanian monetary policy during the years 1922–1929. The directions of his research are, the fiscal and monetary policy, the history of the national economy, the problems of the social economy policy, and the theory of the national economy.Vladas Jurgutis graduated from Munich University where historically new German economic ideas were dose to him. Vladas Jurgutis popularised Social Solidarity, the church's social teaching. Though he had to live throught many life difficulties – Nazi imprisonment, Soviet Security persecution – Vladas Jurgutis managed to remain true to democratic and market economy ideals. ; Aptariama profesoriaus Vl. Jurgučio (1885–1966) visuomeninė veikla ir socialinės-ekonominės pažiūros. Konstatuojama, kad vokiečių naujosios istorinės mokyklos liberaliosios krypties ekonomistų idėjos ir bažnyčios socialinis mokslas iš esmės veikė Vl. Jurgučio pažiūras. Vl. Jurgutis formavo tarpukario Lietuvos monetarinę politiką, buvo klasikinės monetarinės politikos šalininkas. Savo straipsniuose ir seminaruose kritikavo totalitarizmą, propagavo liberalizmo ir katalikiškojo socializmo sintezę.
[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English] Lithuanian economy, over the last century, has been subject to significant changes and various vicissitudes. After restoring its independence (1918), Lithuania had to start everything from the very beginning, i.e. as soon as possible to commence the development of its own economy under challenging and complex political conditions. Small and medium-sized business, crafts, retail trade were the first significant changes. Unfortunately, Lithuania, at that time, was missing its own independent, entrepreneurial, life-innovation-sensitive entrepreneurs' layer. The foregoing was determined both by objective (the global economic crisis) and subjective (lack of working capital, negligible purchasing power, public institutions' red tape, etc.) reasons. The inter-war period was too short for Lithuania's economy to obtain the best possible results though certain conditions were ensured, and much solid work was done in the field of social policy. Current politicians and economists still have what to learn from that time political insight, economic rationality, legislative technique. Unfortunately, the Second World War and the subsequent authoritarian character of the Soviet Union's economy influenced the nature of Lithuania's economy, irrational attitude towards its changes taking place at that time. For very many, restoration of independence was unexpected. It was necessary to start managing Lithuanian economy in the absence of almost any practical, scientific expertise and input so that to begin objective and significant economic reforms. In order to focus on European management standards, Lithuania should substantially improve its management in all activity fields. Unfortunately, Lithuania's science is still lacking the applied research orientation, natural connection of theory and practice. Becoming a Member State of the European Union, we should manage to realize ourselves. Only universal prosperity, high level of cultural and well educated youth, as well as proper and sufficient understanding of democracy ideals will enable Lithuania to speed up its efforts and to become a full member of the free EU. Marginal efficiency theory, Keynesian view, neoclassical attitude towards economics, Monetarism, Neoliberalism and institutionalists' attitudes, hopefully, will promote the efforts to form a base of uniform researches, favorable for political scientists and economists. Creation of macroeconomics, undoubtedly, is a major achievement of the 20th Century economics. Nobel Prize Laureates: Milton Friedman, James Tobin, Franco Modigliani, Lawrence R. Klein, Robert M. Solow and other famous scientists are the most prominent contributors in this field. Regretfully, the reverse process still often happens on the Lithuanian revival path: fragmentation of social sciences, i.e. theoretical researches are prevailing over the empirical studies in the field of social sciences abroad. Lithuania, however, is still lacking the same. The number of successors of the interwar-period intellectuals (D. Cesevičius, D. Budrys, P. Padalskis and others) is alarmingly low. Current economists do not have enough consistency and are not well prepared from the theoretical point of view. In my opinion, teaching assignments of the mathematized economic theory for the 21st Century's future economists shall be notably reinforced and enhanced. Furthermore, they should be able themselves not only to interpret such theories, but also to create new ones. Full symbiosis of the economic theory and practice is of vital importance.
[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English] Lithuanian economy, over the last century, has been subject to significant changes and various vicissitudes. After restoring its independence (1918), Lithuania had to start everything from the very beginning, i.e. as soon as possible to commence the development of its own economy under challenging and complex political conditions. Small and medium-sized business, crafts, retail trade were the first significant changes. Unfortunately, Lithuania, at that time, was missing its own independent, entrepreneurial, life-innovation-sensitive entrepreneurs' layer. The foregoing was determined both by objective (the global economic crisis) and subjective (lack of working capital, negligible purchasing power, public institutions' red tape, etc.) reasons. The inter-war period was too short for Lithuania's economy to obtain the best possible results though certain conditions were ensured, and much solid work was done in the field of social policy. Current politicians and economists still have what to learn from that time political insight, economic rationality, legislative technique. Unfortunately, the Second World War and the subsequent authoritarian character of the Soviet Union's economy influenced the nature of Lithuania's economy, irrational attitude towards its changes taking place at that time. For very many, restoration of independence was unexpected. It was necessary to start managing Lithuanian economy in the absence of almost any practical, scientific expertise and input so that to begin objective and significant economic reforms. In order to focus on European management standards, Lithuania should substantially improve its management in all activity fields. Unfortunately, Lithuania's science is still lacking the applied research orientation, natural connection of theory and practice. Becoming a Member State of the European Union, we should manage to realize ourselves. Only universal prosperity, high level of cultural and well educated youth, as well as proper and sufficient understanding of democracy ideals will enable Lithuania to speed up its efforts and to become a full member of the free EU. Marginal efficiency theory, Keynesian view, neoclassical attitude towards economics, Monetarism, Neoliberalism and institutionalists' attitudes, hopefully, will promote the efforts to form a base of uniform researches, favorable for political scientists and economists. Creation of macroeconomics, undoubtedly, is a major achievement of the 20th Century economics. Nobel Prize Laureates: Milton Friedman, James Tobin, Franco Modigliani, Lawrence R. Klein, Robert M. Solow and other famous scientists are the most prominent contributors in this field. Regretfully, the reverse process still often happens on the Lithuanian revival path: fragmentation of social sciences, i.e. theoretical researches are prevailing over the empirical studies in the field of social sciences abroad. Lithuania, however, is still lacking the same. The number of successors of the interwar-period intellectuals (D. Cesevičius, D. Budrys, P. Padalskis and others) is alarmingly low. Current economists do not have enough consistency and are not well prepared from the theoretical point of view. In my opinion, teaching assignments of the mathematized economic theory for the 21st Century's future economists shall be notably reinforced and enhanced. Furthermore, they should be able themselves not only to interpret such theories, but also to create new ones. Full symbiosis of the economic theory and practice is of vital importance. ; [straipsnis ir santrauka lietuvių kalba; santrauka anglų kalba] Lietuvos ūkis per paskutinį šimtmetį patyrė labai daug pokyčių. Tik atgavus nepriklausomybę (1918 m.) Lietuvai reikėjo viską pradėti nuo pradžių, t. y. labai sudėtingose politinėse peripetijose reikėjo kuo greičiau kurti savo ūkį. Viso to pradžia buvo smulkus ir vidutinis verslas, amatai, mažmeninė prekyba. Deja, Lietuva neturėjo savarankiško, verslaus ir gyvenimo inovacijoms neabejingo verslininkų sluoksnio. Tam buvo tiek objektyvių (pasaulinė ekonominė krizė), tiek subjektyvių (apyvartinių lėšų stoka, menka perkamoji galia, valstybės institucijų biurokratizmas ir pan.) priežasčių. Tarpukario laikotarpis buvo per trumpas, kad šalies ūkis pasiektų reikšmingesnių rezultatų nors tam tikros sąlygos buvo palankios, o socialinės politikos srityje buvo nemažai nuveikta. Dabarties politikai ir ekonomistai galėtų pasimokyti iš to meto politinio įžvalgumo, ekonominio racionalumo, teisinės technikos. Deja, antrasis pasaulinis karas ir po jo sekęs autoritarinis Sovietų Sąjungos ekonomikos pobūdis nulėmė to meto Lietuvos ūkio pobūdį, kaitos neracionalumą. Nepriklausomybės atkūrimas daug kam buvo nelauktas. Teko pradėti tvarkyti Lietuvos ūkį, neturint beveik jokio praktinio ir mokslinio įdirbio, reikalingo objektyvioms ir prasmingoms ekonominėms reformoms atlikti. Norint Lietuvai orientuotis į europinius valdymo standartus, būtina iš esmės pagerinti visų sričių vadybą. Lietuvos mokslas dar nepakankamai orientuotas į taikomuosius tyrimus, natūralų teorijos ir praktikos sujungimą. Tapę Europos Sąjungos nariais, turime gebėti save realizuoti. Tik visuotinė gerovė, aukštas kultūros lygis ir gerai išsilavinęs jaunimas bei geras demokratijos idealų supratimas leis Lietuvai tapti pilnaverte laisvos ES nare. Per ribinio naudingumo teoriją, keinsizmą, neoklasikus, monetarizmą, neoliberalizmą ir institucionalistų pažiūras bandoma formuoti politologų ir ekonomistų bendrą tyrimų lauką. Didžiausias XX a. ekonomikos mokslo laimėjimas – makroekonominės teorijos sukūrimas. Didelis nuopelnas tenka Nobelio premijos laureatams: Milton′ui Friedman′ui, James′ui Tobin′ui, Franco′ui Modigliani′ui, Lawrence′ui R. Klein′ui, Robert′ui M. Solow′ui ir kt. Deja, Lietuvos atgimimo kelyje vyksta atvirkštinis procesas: socialinių mokslų susiskaidymas, t. y. užsienyje socialinių mokslų srityje daugiausia atliekama teorinių, o ne empirinių tyrimų. Tačiau Lietuvoje to pasigendama. Tarpukario laikotarpio intelektualų (D. Cesevičius, D. Budrys, P. Padalskis ir kt.) minčių tęsėjų gretos labai retos. Dabartiniams Lietuvos ekonomistams dažnai trūksta nuoseklumo ir plataus teorinio pasirengimo. Manyčiau, kad XXI a. rengiamiems ekonomistams reikėtų gerokai sustiprinti matematizuotos ekonominės teorijos dėstymą. Be to, jie patys turėtų gebėti tokias teorijas ne tik interpretuoti, bet ir kurti naujas. Būtina ekonomikos teorijos ir praktikos simbiozė.
[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English] Lithuanian economy, over the last century, has been subject to significant changes and various vicissitudes. After restoring its independence (1918), Lithuania had to start everything from the very beginning, i.e. as soon as possible to commence the development of its own economy under challenging and complex political conditions. Small and medium-sized business, crafts, retail trade were the first significant changes. Unfortunately, Lithuania, at that time, was missing its own independent, entrepreneurial, life-innovation-sensitive entrepreneurs' layer. The foregoing was determined both by objective (the global economic crisis) and subjective (lack of working capital, negligible purchasing power, public institutions' red tape, etc.) reasons. The inter-war period was too short for Lithuania's economy to obtain the best possible results though certain conditions were ensured, and much solid work was done in the field of social policy. Current politicians and economists still have what to learn from that time political insight, economic rationality, legislative technique. Unfortunately, the Second World War and the subsequent authoritarian character of the Soviet Union's economy influenced the nature of Lithuania's economy, irrational attitude towards its changes taking place at that time. For very many, restoration of independence was unexpected. It was necessary to start managing Lithuanian economy in the absence of almost any practical, scientific expertise and input so that to begin objective and significant economic reforms. In order to focus on European management standards, Lithuania should substantially improve its management in all activity fields. Unfortunately, Lithuania's science is still lacking the applied research orientation, natural connection of theory and practice. Becoming a Member State of the European Union, we should manage to realize ourselves. Only universal prosperity, high level of cultural and well educated youth, as well as proper and sufficient understanding of democracy ideals will enable Lithuania to speed up its efforts and to become a full member of the free EU. Marginal efficiency theory, Keynesian view, neoclassical attitude towards economics, Monetarism, Neoliberalism and institutionalists' attitudes, hopefully, will promote the efforts to form a base of uniform researches, favorable for political scientists and economists. Creation of macroeconomics, undoubtedly, is a major achievement of the 20th Century economics. Nobel Prize Laureates: Milton Friedman, James Tobin, Franco Modigliani, Lawrence R. Klein, Robert M. Solow and other famous scientists are the most prominent contributors in this field. Regretfully, the reverse process still often happens on the Lithuanian revival path: fragmentation of social sciences, i.e. theoretical researches are prevailing over the empirical studies in the field of social sciences abroad. Lithuania, however, is still lacking the same. The number of successors of the interwar-period intellectuals (D. Cesevičius, D. Budrys, P. Padalskis and others) is alarmingly low. Current economists do not have enough consistency and are not well prepared from the theoretical point of view. In my opinion, teaching assignments of the mathematized economic theory for the 21st Century's future economists shall be notably reinforced and enhanced. Furthermore, they should be able themselves not only to interpret such theories, but also to create new ones. Full symbiosis of the economic theory and practice is of vital importance.
[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English] Lithuanian economy, over the last century, has been subject to significant changes and various vicissitudes. After restoring its independence (1918), Lithuania had to start everything from the very beginning, i.e. as soon as possible to commence the development of its own economy under challenging and complex political conditions. Small and medium-sized business, crafts, retail trade were the first significant changes. Unfortunately, Lithuania, at that time, was missing its own independent, entrepreneurial, life-innovation-sensitive entrepreneurs' layer. The foregoing was determined both by objective (the global economic crisis) and subjective (lack of working capital, negligible purchasing power, public institutions' red tape, etc.) reasons. The inter-war period was too short for Lithuania's economy to obtain the best possible results though certain conditions were ensured, and much solid work was done in the field of social policy. Current politicians and economists still have what to learn from that time political insight, economic rationality, legislative technique. Unfortunately, the Second World War and the subsequent authoritarian character of the Soviet Union's economy influenced the nature of Lithuania's economy, irrational attitude towards its changes taking place at that time. For very many, restoration of independence was unexpected. It was necessary to start managing Lithuanian economy in the absence of almost any practical, scientific expertise and input so that to begin objective and significant economic reforms. In order to focus on European management standards, Lithuania should substantially improve its management in all activity fields. Unfortunately, Lithuania's science is still lacking the applied research orientation, natural connection of theory and practice. Becoming a Member State of the European Union, we should manage to realize ourselves. Only universal prosperity, high level of cultural and well educated youth, as well as proper and sufficient understanding of democracy ideals will enable Lithuania to speed up its efforts and to become a full member of the free EU. Marginal efficiency theory, Keynesian view, neoclassical attitude towards economics, Monetarism, Neoliberalism and institutionalists' attitudes, hopefully, will promote the efforts to form a base of uniform researches, favorable for political scientists and economists. Creation of macroeconomics, undoubtedly, is a major achievement of the 20th Century economics. Nobel Prize Laureates: Milton Friedman, James Tobin, Franco Modigliani, Lawrence R. Klein, Robert M. Solow and other famous scientists are the most prominent contributors in this field. Regretfully, the reverse process still often happens on the Lithuanian revival path: fragmentation of social sciences, i.e. theoretical researches are prevailing over the empirical studies in the field of social sciences abroad. Lithuania, however, is still lacking the same. The number of successors of the interwar-period intellectuals (D. Cesevičius, D. Budrys, P. Padalskis and others) is alarmingly low. Current economists do not have enough consistency and are not well prepared from the theoretical point of view. In my opinion, teaching assignments of the mathematized economic theory for the 21st Century's future economists shall be notably reinforced and enhanced. Furthermore, they should be able themselves not only to interpret such theories, but also to create new ones. Full symbiosis of the economic theory and practice is of vital importance.
[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English] Lithuanian economy, over the last century, has been subject to significant changes and various vicissitudes. After restoring its independence (1918), Lithuania had to start everything from the very beginning, i.e. as soon as possible to commence the development of its own economy under challenging and complex political conditions. Small and medium-sized business, crafts, retail trade were the first significant changes. Unfortunately, Lithuania, at that time, was missing its own independent, entrepreneurial, life-innovation-sensitive entrepreneurs' layer. The foregoing was determined both by objective (the global economic crisis) and subjective (lack of working capital, negligible purchasing power, public institutions' red tape, etc.) reasons. The inter-war period was too short for Lithuania's economy to obtain the best possible results though certain conditions were ensured, and much solid work was done in the field of social policy. Current politicians and economists still have what to learn from that time political insight, economic rationality, legislative technique. Unfortunately, the Second World War and the subsequent authoritarian character of the Soviet Union's economy influenced the nature of Lithuania's economy, irrational attitude towards its changes taking place at that time. For very many, restoration of independence was unexpected. It was necessary to start managing Lithuanian economy in the absence of almost any practical, scientific expertise and input so that to begin objective and significant economic reforms. In order to focus on European management standards, Lithuania should substantially improve its management in all activity fields. Unfortunately, Lithuania's science is still lacking the applied research orientation, natural connection of theory and practice. Becoming a Member State of the European Union, we should manage to realize ourselves. Only universal prosperity, high level of cultural and well educated youth, as well as proper and sufficient understanding of democracy ideals will enable Lithuania to speed up its efforts and to become a full member of the free EU. Marginal efficiency theory, Keynesian view, neoclassical attitude towards economics, Monetarism, Neoliberalism and institutionalists' attitudes, hopefully, will promote the efforts to form a base of uniform researches, favorable for political scientists and economists. Creation of macroeconomics, undoubtedly, is a major achievement of the 20th Century economics. Nobel Prize Laureates: Milton Friedman, James Tobin, Franco Modigliani, Lawrence R. Klein, Robert M. Solow and other famous scientists are the most prominent contributors in this field. Regretfully, the reverse process still often happens on the Lithuanian revival path: fragmentation of social sciences, i.e. theoretical researches are prevailing over the empirical studies in the field of social sciences abroad. Lithuania, however, is still lacking the same. The number of successors of the interwar-period intellectuals (D. Cesevičius, D. Budrys, P. Padalskis and others) is alarmingly low. Current economists do not have enough consistency and are not well prepared from the theoretical point of view. In my opinion, teaching assignments of the mathematized economic theory for the 21st Century's future economists shall be notably reinforced and enhanced. Furthermore, they should be able themselves not only to interpret such theories, but also to create new ones. Full symbiosis of the economic theory and practice is of vital importance.
The article describes social and economic views of Prof. V. Čepinskis, focuses on his social aspirations and discusses his views on the methology of scientific cognition. It is stated that V. Čepinskis' views represent the democratic socialism trend.
The article describes social and economic views of Prof. V. Čepinskis, focuses on his social aspirations and discusses his views on the methology of scientific cognition. It is stated that V. Čepinskis' views represent the democratic socialism trend.
The article describes social and economic views of Prof. V. Čepinskis, focuses on his social aspirations and discusses his views on the methology of scientific cognition. It is stated that V. Čepinskis' views represent the democratic socialism trend.
The article describes social and economic views of Prof. V. Čepinskis, focuses on his social aspirations and discusses his views on the methology of scientific cognition. It is stated that V. Čepinskis' views represent the democratic socialism trend.
The article describes the impact of the information society on the development and practice of the theory of statistics and the formation of its methodology. The most outstanding achievements of the social research of the 20th century as well as the development of statistics itself are brought into prominence; the interface of the theory of economics and the practice of statistics is defined. The methodological provision that the theory of social sciences and methods of statistics have to be organically interwoven in the process of statistical research as well as in the process of the development of applied and theoretical social sciences has been substantiated. The idea that the research of the methodology of statistics in Lithuania must be developed has been put forward. It has been pointed out that modern Lithuanian society expects and demands a lot from the statistical institutions of the country, it is therefore necessary to develop regional statistical research and to create the statistics related to the activities of public organizations and private enterprise. The major part of the society has to perceive that the level of its statistical culture is not very high and is not quite in line with the standards of the democratic civic society that is why a lot has to be learned and developed.
