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This article aims to stimulate research on eighteenth century America within the scope of historical cartography, specifically on the copies of maps and charts kept in the main military archives of Spain. This broad study is limited to the material on American territories found in said archives. The purpose is to enable the selection of the map most relevant to the area under study, along with the author or authors who provide the most accurate information for the purpose intended, as well as detailing the historic iconography found in them. ; Este artículo pretende estimular la investigación sobre América en el siglo XVIII dentro del ámbito de la cartografía histórica, concretamente sobre los ejemplares custodiados en los principales archivos militares de España. Siendo revisados a "grosso modo" sólo los fondos existentes sobre territorios americanos que allí se encuentran. Ofreciendo con ello, una visión general para la elección del mapa más en consonancia con el área objeto de estudio, la selección del autor o autores que ofrecen mayor garantía de información y veracidad para el fin que se pretende, así como la iconografía histórica que podemos encontrar en ellos.

The author critiques attachment theory through a feminist lens and argues that the focus of attachment theory on relational bonds is consistent with feminist values but that theorists must place attachment processes with the larger societal context such as gender, culture, and power. The article focuses on the historical context, values, and assumptions embedded in attachment theory, then offers 5 guidelines for a feminist application of attachment theory to adult relationships. The article concludes with an illustrative examination of a study of depression, attachment styles, and marital satisfaction.

Although many contemporary couples claim to strive for equality in their relationships, many are unaware of the hidden ways in which gender and power still affect them and the decisions they make - from their career choices to communication patterns, childrearing, housework, and more. Couples, Gender, and Power addresses this critical issue, as couples continue to find themselves caught in a legacy of unequal interaction that dominates their relationship, despite their best intentions to the contrary - and often without their conscious knowledge. This timely text does the following:.:.; Identi

Abstract:This qualitative analysis of 50 couples explored how gender equality is related to the construction of motherhood in their day‐to‐day interactions. Results identified two models of mothering: (a) mothering as a gendered talent and (b) mothering as conscious collaboration. The first model perpetuated gender inequality through a recursive task‐relationship cycle between mothers and children. More equal couples consciously collaborated to create a task‐relationship spiral for fathers as well as mothers. Processes involved in each view of mothering were discussed relative to the distribution of parenting tasks. The findings suggest that families would benefit from education and clinical approaches that address gender and power, encourage open discussion regarding how child care choices are made, and develop new skills for both genders.

Abstract: We examine how the issues of gender and sexual orientation have been addressed in family therapy and identify critical issues as the field defines itself in a postmodern, inclusive era. We show how unintentional bias and creation of the category of "other" persist throughout the history of clinical practice despite a rise of interest in diversity. We suggest that family therapy approaches have been based on a view of sex‐gender that creates dichotomous categories, confounds gender and sexual orientation, and limits flexibility. A postgender approach organized around a relationship model based on equality rather than gender is advocated. Obstacles to postgender practice are identified, and guidelines for practice and challenges for the future are discussed.

?This book describes a new model for clinical work with couples, Socio-Emotional Relationship Therapy (SERT). SERT intervenes in sociocultural processes that interfere with couples experiencing mutually supportive relationships. This approach integrates recent advances in neurobiology with social constructionist understandings of gender, culture, personal identities, and relationship processes. The aim of SERT is to help couples move toward a balanced power dynamic and establish mutuality in the relationship. Transforming power disparities in relationships helps couples move toward a more equal flow of attention and support toward each other. Carmen Knudson-Martin, PhD, LMFT, is internationally recognized for her work regarding gender, marital equality, and relational health. She is a founder of Socio-Emotional Relationship Therapy, an approach that attends to the micro-processes through which couple interaction, emotion, and socio-cultural context come together in the moment by moment of clinical process. Her book, Couples, Gender, and Power: Creating Change in Intimate Relationships, weaves a link between research and practice as she makes the influence of the larger social context in couple relationships come alive and offers a step by step template to guide clinical work, with an emphasis on the political and ethical implications of therapist actions. She and her research team have published over 50 articles articulating the importance of the larger social context on issues such as marital equality, relational development, postpartum depression, women's health, and couple therapy. Carmen is a Professor and Director of the PhD program in Marital and Family Therapy at Loma Linda University in Southern California. She serves on the Board of directors of the Family Process Institute and the American Family Therapy Academy is series editor of the SpringerBriefs in Family Therapy.

Spanish state descentralization is very similar to the most important federal countries. In spite of the advances in the regional financing system it hasn't been able to give the needed autonomy and financial sufficiency to fund the transferred competencies in the Spanish Autonomies. From 1987 to nowdays four different models of financiation have been implemented. The last one, approved in 2001 and though it seemed to be succesfull, it is going to be remodelled shortly . There are objective reasons to justify the system modification: evolution of the public expenses, inmigration, in general terms, society evolution. However, it is a political reason what has brought this topic on. Last proposal comes from the Catalonian Government. Some parts of the proposal take as model the German länder financial system, specially the basket tax and the interregional solidarity system. The aim of this research is to compare socioeconomic features in regions belonging to Germany and Spain as well as their financial system in order to know what can be useful to Autonomic Spanish financial system taken from the German one. The methodology used is the following one: a) First of all, we have studied the main socioeconomic features of Spanish regions and of German länders. In this part of the work, we have been able to get similarities between regions in both countries. Similarities that can justify directly or indirectly some aspects of the financing. b) Secondly, it has been made a description of the financial system applied in German länders and in the Spanish Autonomies. It has been specially compared the extent of autonomy and solidarity in each system. c) Thirdly, it has been studied the reform proposed by the Catalonian Government identifying its relation to the German regional financial system. d) And finally, it has been made a valoration about the Catalonian Government proposals and some other conclusions have been drawn over the possibility to implement German system to Spanish regions.

Jaén (province belonging to European Union) represents more than 15% of the Spanish production of olive oil, around 7% of European Union olive oil and more than 5% of the world production. Olive oil represents more than 90% of the income in Jaen agricultural sector and agricultural sector contributes with 15% of GDP province in 2003. The aims of this paper is to show the evolution of the main socioeconomic variables of this farming during the nineties decade in one province belonging to the most significant region in the world and compare during the nineties the income per capita in this province with the income in the olive oil. The variables analysed in each plantation are: productivity or cultivation yield on Hectare; labour work; cultivation expenses without including labour work; Agriculture Common Policy subventions; standar gross margin (according to directions of the European Union Agriculture General Board) and net margin. On the other hand, the main macroeconomics variables used are: Gross Internal Product, Population, labour work and productivity of labour. The information farms reflected in this paper is based upon four investigations and previous research carried out by the same authors. The secondary data has been got from Institutions and Public Statistics from Andalusian Regional Government. The original investigations were funded by the Department of Agriculture of the Andalusian Regional Government -Consejería de Agricultura y Pesca de la Junta de Andalucía- and La General (one of the savings bank in Spain). It has consisted in four surveys during the years 1991, 1994, 1999 and 2000. The first step in the methodology has been to design the sample and questionaires, after that, field camp was implemented and data processing, creating for that purpose an information system pattern (simulator-programme). Results files, ordered according to user's likes, can be incorporated to other systems or be analysed with conventional statistics software (SPSS for instance). Main results are shown in charts and tables. After getting results we project the predictable Common Organisation of the Market (CMO) reform on olive tree farming. The recent reform of olive oil will reduce the subventions and the income of the farmer. And we also show the impact of that reduction on farming margins and the consecuences in the income per capita province.

ObjectiveTo examine how older, heterosexual couples negotiate gendered power when both partners are retired.BackgroundAfter retirement, changes frequently prompt couples to renegotiate traditional, gender‐informed ways of relating. Although a shift toward less gender‐specific division of tasks has been identified in previous studies, it is unclear how underlying gendered power structures may also be transformed.MethodA constructivist grounded theory analysis was conducted of 18 interviews with a convenience sample of retired older couples (69–91 years of age) in Southern California.ResultsThree patterns were identified that kept couples engaged in stereotypic gendered processes: (a) women's relational responsibility, (b) masked inequality, and (c) men's marketing of traditional gender‐specific processes. In addition, four patterns were identified that moved couples closer to mutuality: (a) equal attunement to one another, (b) mutual decision‐making, (c) connecting with socioemotional context, and (d) recognition of inequality.ConclusionRetired couples seeking relational help may be experiencing a gap between ideals of mutuality and the persistence of gendered power.ImplicationsThis study shows that gendered power dynamics may be somewhat masked among older couples. Practitioners are advised to address the subtle ways that relational dynamics may remain gendered and the extent to which that limits closeness and connection within the relationship. Specific areas therapists should explore with clients are provided.