Suchergebnisse

Angesichts des Anwachsens von Armut plädiert der Autor dafür sich nicht mit der Zahlung einer Beihilfe zu begnügen, sondern bei Strategien gegen Ausgrenzung und für soziale Reintegration auch den Inhalt von Arbeit zu überdenken und sich dabei an einer weniger streng ökonomizistischen Auffassung der Entwicklung zu orientieren. Dazu erweisen sich auch eine "gute Verwaltung" als förderlich und ein andersgeartetes Verhältnis zwischen Staat und Bürgergesellschaft, die sich von einem "neuen Humanismus" leiten läßt. (IAB)

The evolution of planning is described & critically evaluated for the 6th Plan (1970-75). It intended to reformulate traditional social action into a more coherent whole. Limitations of the social indicators chosen led to function-oriented planning & the establishment of collective functions which used certain types of indicators. Difficulties in implementing the 6th Plan led to a more cautious & pragmatic approach in devising the 7th Plan (1975-1980). Present proposals involve a search for tools for development evaluation: (1) more detailed study & systematization of social indicators linked to collective functions, & (2) establishment of a social report. There are also proposals to broaden the use of macroeconomic models which currently deal with limited problem areas. 2 Figures, 2 Appendices. J. N. Mayer.

Der Artikel faßt Ergebnisse eines im Mai 1988 in Paris von Fond de France veranstalteten Seminars zusammen, auf dem Probleme erörtert wurden, die mit dem in Frankreich 1988 eingeführten System des garantierten Mindesteinkommens zusammenhängen. Die Bekämpfung der Armut darf nicht dazu führen, daß die "Prekarität" (Instabilität) aufgrund von Arbeitslosigkeit und mangelnder Möglichkeiten beruflicher und sozialer Integration/Reintegration geleugnet wird und entsprechende (arbeitsmarkt-)politische Initiativen unterbleiben. (IAB)

Background: Snakebite in India results in over 58,000 fatalities and a vast number of morbidities annually. The majority of these clinically severe envenomings are attributed to Russell's viper (Daboia russelii), which has a near pan-India distribution. Unfortunately, despite its medical significance, the influence of biogeography on the composition and potency of venom from disparate D. russelii populations, and the repercussions of venom variation on the neutralisation efficacy of marketed Indian antivenoms, remain elusive. Methods: Here, we employ an integrative approach comprising proteomic characterisation, biochemical analyses, pharmacological assessment, and venom toxicity profiling to elucidate the influence of varying ecology and environment on the pan-Indian populations of D. russelii. We then conducted in vitro venom recognition experiments and in vivo neutralisation assays to evaluate the efficacy of the commercial Indian antivenoms against the geographically disparate D. russelii populations. Findings: We reveal significant intraspecific variation in the composition, biochemical and pharmacological activities and potencies of D. russelii venoms sourced from five distinct biogeographic zones across India. Contrary to our understanding of the consequences of venom variation on the effectiveness of snakebite therapy, commercial antivenom exhibited surprisingly similar neutralisation potencies against the majority of the investigated populations, with the exception of low preclinical efficacy against the semi-arid population from northern India. However, the ability of Indian antivenoms to counter the severe morbid effects of Daboia envenoming remains to be evaluated. Conclusion: The concerning lack of antivenom efficacy against the north Indian population of D. russelii, as well as against two other 'big four' snake species in nearby locations, underscores the pressing need to develop pan-India effective antivenoms with improved efficacy in high snakebite burden locales.

ABSTRACT
The locus coeruleus (LC) produces phasic and tonic firing patterns that are theorized to have distinct functional consequences. However, how different firing modes affect learning and valence encoding of sensory information are unknown. Here, we show bilateral optogenetic activation of rat LC neurons using 10-Hz phasic trains of either 300 ms or 10 s accelerated acquisition of a similar odor discrimination. Similar odor discrimination learning was impaired by noradrenergic blockade in the piriform cortex (PC). However, 10-Hz phasic light-mediated learning facilitation was prevented by a dopaminergic antagonist in the PC, or by ventral tegmental area (VTA) silencing with lidocaine, suggesting a LC–VTA–PC dopamine circuitry involvement. Ten-hertz tonic stimulation did not alter odor discrimination acquisition, and was ineffective in activating VTA DA neurons. For valence encoding, tonic stimulation at 25 Hz induced conditioned odor aversion, whereas 10-Hz phasic stimulations produced an odor preference. Both conditionings were prevented by noradrenergic blockade in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Cholera Toxin B retro-labeling showed larger engagement of nucleus accumbens-projecting neurons in the BLA with 10-Hz phasic activation, and larger engagement of central amygdala projecting cells with 25-Hz tonic light. These outcomes argue that the LC activation patterns differentially influence both target networks and behavior.