Suchergebnisse

Metal-Working Farmers and Smiths in the African Sudan and Sahel

Iron-Working in the Sudan and Sahel regions of Africa is linked to smelting and forging techniques and to the social relations having to do with the status of specialized workmen. By comparing some of the most representative systems of large-scale production that have survived till recent times - in the Basari (northern Togo), Dogon (Mali) and Mossi (Yatenga, Burkina Faso) areas - contrasting forms of technical and economic organization can be observed. Groups involved in working iron are either metal- working farmers who supply smiths or smiths who more or less autonomously acquire and smelt ore. Till present, little has been known about the first group. Why, in certain societies that have intensively produced iron for several centuries, have smiths been kept from smelting ? What does it mean to be a smith in a society that tends to be stratified ? Do blacksmiths "crystallize" as a social group as a result of technical and economic changes ? Traditional ways of working metal in West Africa raise historical, sociological and technological questions of far-reaching import.

Toponymy and Society. A Contribution to the Study of Community and Space in Basse-Provence.

The system of named places is not to be considered only as a symbolical transposition of land-use patterns ; it stands also as the «language» of agricultural, pastoral and wooded plots. The object of the research which was carried out in a rural community of Basse-Provence was to define general features of toponymie organization. It is the produce of a logical classification process which arranges land properties in categories and enables village people to mark the difference between places and others. This process reveals the objective criteria in the representation of territory as a reality and as a symbol. Thus the network of named places takes place as an indicator of Mediterranean peasant community organization.

This paper analyzes the implementation of federal education programs in municipalities through structured analysis of the texts in supervision reports provided by the Comptroller General of Brazil for the year 2014. The aim is to analyze the problems affecting the management of federal programs in municipalities. Studies on management and corruption in municipalities were reviewed and form the theoretical framework. The main conclusion is that it is ne­cessary to increase the attention of researchers and managers to issues related to the quality of municipal management, because problems in program implementation is more likely to be the result of bad management than corruption. ; Este trabajo analiza la implementación de programas federales de educación en los municipios a través del análisis estructurado de textos de los informes de fiscalización de la CGU del año 2014. Estudios sobre gestión y corrupción en los municipios componen el referencial teórico. El objetivo es analizar los problemas que afectan a la gestión de programas federales en municipios. La principal conclusión apunta que es necesario aumentar la atención de investigadores y gestores para cuestiones relativas a la calidad de la gestión municipal, pues afectan más a menudo la implementación de las políticas que problemas de corrupción. ; Este trabalho analisa a implementação de programas federais de educação nos municípios por meio da análise estruturada de textos dos relatórios de fiscalização da CGU do ano de 2014. Estudos sobre gestão e corrupção nos municípios compõem o referencial teórico. O objetivo é analisar os problemas que afetam a gestão de programas federais em municípios. A principal conclusão aponta que é preciso aumentar a atenção de pesquisadores e gestores para questões relativas à qualidade da gestão municipal, pois elas afetam mais frequentemente a implementação das políticas do que problemas de corrupção.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1807-0221.2016v13n21p116Este artigo tem como objetivo relatar a experiência extensionista vivenciada por oito estudantes de graduação da Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades da Universidade de São Paulo durante a realização da Operação Tuiuiú do Projeto Rondon, em julho de 2011 no Município de Denise/MT. O grupo era formado por graduandos em gestão ambiental e em gestão de políticas públicas. As atividades realizadas, inseridas no conjunto B, estão descritas em sua concepção e os resultados foram analisados qualitativamente. No total, mais de 650 pessoas foram atendidas no município pelas ações. O público foi bastante heterogêneo, composto por crianças, jovens, adultos, assentados e burocratas. Destacam-se os desafios de adaptar o planejamento das ações à realidade local de forma a atender às demandas da comunidade – que só puderam ser plenamente conhecidas após visitas e conversas com a população – e de integrar o cronograma ao da equipe responsável pelo conjunto A – dado que não houve contato prévio entre as equipes rondonistas. A experiência extensionista foi de grande importância para a formação dos graduandos em função da troca de saberes proporcionada pela vivência adquirida durante os processos de formulação e implementação do projeto.

The effects of Brazil's political crisis on science funding necessary for biodiversity conservation are likely to be global. Brazil is not only the world's most biodiverse nation, it is responsible for the greater part of the Amazon forest, which regulates the climate and provides rain to much of southern South America. Brazil was a world leader in satellite monitoring of land-use change, in-situ biodiversity monitoring, reduction in tropical-forest deforestation, protection of indigenous lands, and a model for other developing nations. Coordinated public responses will be necessary to prevent special-interest groups from using the political crisis to weaken science funding, environmental legislation and law enforcement. © 2018 Magnusson, Grelle, Marques, Rocha, Dias, Fontana, Bergallo, Overbeck, Vale, Tomas, Cerqueira, Collevatti, Pillar, Malabarba, Lins-e-Silva, Neckel-Oliveira, Martinelli, Akama, Rodrigues, Silveira, Scariot and Fernandes.

The effects of Brazil's political crisis on science funding necessary for biodiversity conservation are likely to be global. Brazil is not only the world's most biodiverse nation, it is responsible for the greater part of the Amazon forest, which regulates the climate and provides rain to much of southern South America. Brazil was a world leader in satellite monitoring of land-use change, in-situ biodiversity monitoring, reduction in tropical-forest deforestation, protection of indigenous lands, and a model for other developing nations. Coordinated public responses will be necessary to prevent special-interest groups from using the political crisis to weaken science funding, environmental legislation and law enforcement. Keywords: Brazil, biodiversity, climate change, governance, funding

In the middle of a political and fiscal crisis, the Brazilian government is applying successive budget cuts, including in science funding. Recent cuts radically affect research programs on biodiversity that are crucial components for the design and monitoring of public policies for nature conservation and sustainable development. We analyze the consequences of such cuts on the Research Program on Biodiversity (PPBio), the largest biodiversity research network in Brazil (626 researchers, nine networks in all Brazilian biomes). Brazil holds a substantial part of the world's biodiversity and of tropical forests that play a significant role for regional and global climate stability. If underfunding is maintained, the dismantling of the Brazilian PPBio will have consequences that go beyond biodiversity knowledge itself but affect society as a whole. Brazil will likely fail to reach the National Targets for Biodiversity 2011–2020, and it will be difficult to fulfill the restoration target of the Brazilian NDC and to advance with the sustainable development goals. © 2017 Associação Brasileira de Ciência Ecológica e Conservação