Suchergebnisse

The history of Indonesian labour activism as seen from an Australian perspective is best known in the context of World War Two when the presence of Asian seamen in Australia sparked a flourish of internationalism and anticolonial protest under the umbrella organization of the Seamen's Union of Australia. But the story of Malay maritime worker protest has a deeper history, reaching back to the early years of the pearl-shelling and trepang industries when Malay workers from the Dutch East Indies were brought to work off the northern Australian coast. Before the advent of a seamen's union, these workers faced harsh working conditions and had little recourse to legal forms of protest. Their refusal to accept poor conditions was met with reprisals which included physical punishment, gaol sentences and detention on board ships without shore leave. There is evidence that in the late nineteenth century the most common form of protest was mutiny, with Malay crews seizing vessels and sailing to the Dutch East Indies. By the twentieth century there was more scope for negotiation, with increasing support from Australian unions and improved government regulation. The milder forms of more recent protests and the willingness of Indonesians to take their cue from Australian unionists has somewhat obscured the nature of early Malay protest. This paper takes a longer view of worker activism in order to highlight the deep roots of maritime protest in the Indian Ocean region.

No existe una relación causal mecánica del tipo miseria-insurgencia. Sin embargo, si a la miseria existente, le añadimos la organización y la concientización y una estructura polltico-militar capaz de orientar un determinado proceso, la resultante es la guerra que actualmente vivimos y sufrimos. Hasta ahora los planes económicos para superar la crisis han fracasado porque no se han atendido sus causas estructurales, respondiendo, en lugar de ello, con planes contrainsurgentes y porque se ha querido separar inútilmente la relación guerra y crisis económica. Los efectos económicos de la ofensiva de noviembre confirman estas afirmaciones generales, hundiendo más a las mayorías populares en la miseria.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 45, No. 495-496, 1990: 29-39.

Despite support that the minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) of 21 is an important public health provision in the United States, a group of college presidents are petitioning for the MLDA to be lowered. To inform this debate, we examined whether heavy and risky drinking was associated with a stance to lower the MLDA in 865 college students under the age of 21. Results showed that, in comparison to other students, heavy/risky drinkers more often had a stance to lower the MLDA. Thus, for students, the MLDA debate seems to be less a philosophical issue about prohibition and harm reduction, and appears to be more a political stance that reflects students' concurrent behaviors. We discuss how drinking and MLDA laws in Europe might compare with the United States, and how future policy work might benefit from empirical and cross-cultural study.

The agroecosystem of the oasis of Comondú is a rich ecological and cultural landscape closely linked to the presence of water in an arid environment. The permanence of populations, from the Indian period to the present is an example explicit of sustainability. However, this socio-ecological system has become unbalanced by external socioeconomic and environmental conditions. The agroecosystem of the Oasis of Comondu goes to his decline and demise. Our overall objective is to assess the sustainability of this socioecological system with the framework of integrated assessment of sustainability with dynamic models. The aim of this paper is to present this new approach and show the first steps in this research: participative construction of a conceptual model of our system under study. We have identified the main variables and relationships, and historical processes that have influenced its dynamics. The conceptual model resulting from this interaction includes social, economic and productive subsystems. The general dynamic of Comondu system is largely under the control of climatic and socio-economic external variables, such as hurricanes, rainfall, the socio-political relocation, government assistance and the external agricultural intensification. ; El oasis de Comondú es un agroecosistema de gran riqueza ecológica y cultural estrechamente ligado a la presencia de agua en un entorno árido. La subsistencia de sus poblaciones desde antes de la época misional hasta nuestros tiempos es una muestra explícita de sustentabilidad. Sin embargo, condiciones socioeconómicas y ambientales externas han desequilibrado este sistema socioambiental, que se dirige a su declive y desaparición. Nuestro objetivo general es evaluar la sustentabilidad de este sistema socioambiental mediante el enfoque de indicadores integrados en modelos dinámicos. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar este emergente enfoque y mostrar los primeros pasos de esta investigación: la construcción participativa de un modelo conceptual de nuestro sistema de estudio. Hemos identificado las principales variables e interrelaciones, y los procesos históricos que han influido en su dinámica. El modelo conceptual resultante incluye los subsistemas social y económico-productivo. La dinámica general del sistema de Comondú se encuentra en gran medida bajo el control de variables externas, climáticas como huracanes y precipitaciones, y de carácter socioeconómico, como la deslocalización sociopolítica, las ayudas gubernamentales y la intensificación agrícola exterior.