Suchergebnisse

Cet article a deux objectifs. Le premier est d'étudier les relations entre les femmes et la religion en Italie, afin de déterminer si les femmes contribuent au processus de sécularisation italien décrit dans la littérature. Le deuxième est d'explorer les relations entre la sécularisation et le sécularisme parmi les femmes italiennes. L'idée maîtresse est que la distension des liens avec l'Eglise catholique s'est accompagnée d'une plus grande souplesse sur les questions morales et éthiques. Dans la mesure où ces questions ont fait l'objet d'interventions fréquentes de la part de la hiérarchie catholique, elles constituent un observatoire de choix sur le sécularisme, révélant combien les femmes italiennes ont pris leurs distances avec les préceptes de l'Eglise. À cette fin, nous nous concentrerons sur les opinions des femmes sur des thèmes (tels que l'avortement, le divorce, la sexualité et les droits reproductifs) liés aux « politiques de la moralité », qui sont intrinsèques à « l'émancipation des femmes vis-à-vis de la sphère domestique ».

This paper assesses the level of achievement of horizontal and vertical coordination needed to facilitate the governance of the Italian coast at national and regional scales. A questionnaire survey envisions a sectoral management of the coast and the lack of a uniform national strategy, even though a more integrated picture is found at regional scale. However, horizontal and vertical coordination is quite inhomogeneous between Regions, and different are the mechanisms put in place to accomplish it. Overall, it emerges a greater difficulty in coordinating policies at horizontal scale (i.e. same level of government) rather than at vertical level (different scales of government). To overcome the limited horizontal cooperation, some Regions have developed institutions based on an inter-sectoral coordinating committee or an advisory body. Others opted for an internal proactive collaboration that may resolve conflicting interests between General Directorates, without the mediation of any third party (advisory board). From the questionnaire survey emerges that several Regions have promoted pilot site projects to address specific sectoral issues, but only Emilia-Romagna has developed an integrated plan for the coastline to achieve integration across sectors. In addition, Emilia-Romagna and Toscana Regions have been promoting a bottom-up participatory vision for the coastal governance through forums or other discursive platforms to facilitate local participation. These Regions are also extending coastal management into the maritime spatial planning, a strategy recognised by the European Commission as the best compelling way to facilitate sectoral and institutional coordination and fully implement ICZM in Europe.

La tesi si propone di trattare aspetti di natura gestionale ricorrendo alla teoria neo-istituzionale e neoclassica, mediante misure di valutazioni economiche adottate dalla Economia delle Risorse e dell'Ambiente. Il lavoro concerne l'applicazione di un modello di scelta di aiuto alla gestione di una piccola porzione della fascia costiera del Comune di Tarquinia interessata dalla presenza di un area protetta: la Salina di Tarquinia. Finalità di tale tesi è studiare come differenti stakeholder istituzionali rispondono alla proposta di nuovi obiettivi di gestione e pianificazione delle coste e delle aree protette, utilizzando la tecnica delle preferenze dichiarate (choice modelling). L'analisi di tale lavoro non si focalizza sul modo di risolvere o analizzare potenziali esternalità derivanti da conflitti istituzionali o di mercato, ma su come costruire un core di certezze, attraverso tecniche partecipative, che possa essere di aiuto allo programmazione dell'area. Successivamente l'analisi del benessere, per un'ipotetica apertura della Riserva a pagamento, è stata realizzata valutando le preferenze di un pubblico vasto. I risultati ottenuti fanno emergere interessanti considerazioni sulla possibilità di adeguare il framework gestionale e promuovere nuove forme di governance capaci di ridurre gli attuali contrasti nella gestione e di tenere in considerazione anche delle preferenze del pubblico. ; This thesis regards management strategies for protected areas by adopting the neo-institutional and neo-classical economic approach. The latter is invoked by setting up a resource economic valuation generally addressed by Environmental Economics. This contribution concerns more specifically the application of an econometric model (conditional logit model) to give a support in managing a small coastal area located in the borough of Tarquinia: The Tarquinia Saltwork (Salina di Tarquinia). Aim of this thesis is to study how different institutional stakeholders react to the proposal of new planning and management objectives of this coastal protected area, by using the choice modelling approach. This research is not focused mainly on resolving or analysing market and institutional externalities, but especially in building up a core of certainties which may be helpful to derive new future decisions about the management of the area. Moreover the welfare analysis, throughout the study of the consumer surplus, has been implemented by valuing the preference of people and their willingness to pay to access the protected area. Results support the idea of amending the actual legislative and management framework, and promoting a new governance aimed at removing disputes and taking into account the preferences of a vast number of people (relevant stakeholders and potential users of the area).

The paper looks at the historical and contemporary role of Catholic Church in Italian politics. Over the last sixty years Catholicism has played an important role in Italian society. The paper identify three ways in which Catholicism interacts with Italian public life: as a peculiar version of "civil religion", through Catholic inspirited political parties and the Church intervening directly in specific public debates. After identifies the change of political role of the Catholic Church in the last decades the paper recognize the main challenges for this particular relationship in the next future

In the last 15 years, conservation has shifted increasingly towards perspectives based on the instrumental value of nature, where what counts is what provides benefits to humans. The ecosystem services framework embraces this vision of nature through monetary valuation of the environment to correct market failures and government distortions that hinder efficient allocation of public goods, including goods and services provided by biodiversity and ecosystems. The popularity of this approach is reflected in different countries legislation; for instance, US, EU and UK have introduced economic criteria for comparing costs and benefits of environmental policies in protecting ecosystem services. From an operational perspective, the ecosystem services framework requires ecologists to estimate how the supply of services is affected by changes in the functionality and/or the extent of ecosystems; and economists to identify how changes in the supply affect the flow of direct and indirect benefits to people. However, this approach may be simplistic when faced with the complexity of social-ecological systems. We investigated this for three different marine services: assimilative capacity of waste, coastal defense and renewable energy. We find that economic valuation could provide efficient and fair allocations in the case of assimilative capacity, but leads to social clashes between outputs generated by cost benefit analysis and citizens' expectation in the case of coastal defense. In the case of renewable energy, controversies can be generated by regulatory mechanisms that are not necessarily aligned with the interests of industry or important social groups. We conclude that there is a need to integrate perspectives arising from utilitarian allocation of resources with those involving legislation and communal values in order to reconcile conflicting interests and better sustain marine social-ecological systems.

In the last 15 years, conservation has shifted increasingly towards perspectives based on the instrumental value of nature, where what counts is what provides benefits to humans. The ecosystem services framework embraces this vision of nature through monetary valuation of the environment to correct market failures and government distortions that hinder efficient allocation of public goods, including goods and services provided by biodiversity and ecosystems. The popularity of this approach is reflected in different countries legislation; for instance, US, EU and UK have introduced economic criteria for comparing costs and benefits of environmental policies in protecting ecosystem services. From an operational perspective, the ecosystem services framework requires ecologists to estimate how the supply of services is affected by changes in the functionality and/or the extent of ecosystems; and economists to identify how changes in the supply affect the flow of direct and indirect benefits to people. However, this approach may be simplistic when faced with the complexity of social-ecological systems. We investigated this for three different marine services: assimilative capacity of waste, coastal defense and renewable energy. We find that economic valuation could provide efficient and fair allocations in the case of assimilative capacity, but leads to social clashes between outputs generated by cost benefit analysis and citizens' expectation in the case of coastal defense. In the case of renewable energy, controversies can be generated by regulatory mechanisms that are not necessarily aligned with the interests of industry or important social groups. We conclude that there is a need to integrate perspectives arising from utilitarian allocation of resources with those involving legislation and communal values in order to reconcile conflicting interests and better sustain marine social-ecological systems

We compared and contrasted 11 European case studies to identify challenges and opportunities toward the operationalization of marine and coastal ecosystem service (MCES) assessments in Europe. This work is the output of a panel convened by the Marine Working Group of the Ecosystem Services Partnership in September 2016. The MCES assessments were used to (1) address multiple policy objectives simultaneously, (2) interpret EU-wide policies to smaller scales and (3) inform local decision-making. Most of the studies did inform decision makers, but only in a few cases, the outputs were applied or informed decision-making. Significant limitations among the 11 assessments were the absence of shared understanding of the ES concept, data and knowledge gaps, difficulties in accounting for marine social-ecological systems complexity and partial stakeholder involvement. The findings of the expert panel call for continuous involvement of MCES 'end users', integrated knowledge on marine social-ecological systems, defining thresholds to MCES use and raising awareness to the general public. Such improvements at the intersection of science, policy and practice are essential starting points toward building a stronger science foundation supporting management of European marine ecosystems. © 2017 The Author(s).