Suchergebnisse

Part I. Human contingency: anthropology of suffering -- The unfortuante being in Simone Weil -- Rootedness, suffering, and compassion: Malheur and incarnation -- The liberation approach to suffering: Simone Weil and liberation theology -- The preferential option for the poor as an existential commitment -- Emptying and the preferential option for the poor: mysticism and social implications -- Part II. Suffering and inequalities in health -- Liberation ethics: inclusion from below -- The suffering of the poor and their vulnerability: voices from below -- Structural violence beyond numbers: learning from the hermeneutical lens of the poor -- Structural violence and social determinants of health: the vulnerability of the poor -- Part III. Anthropology of suffering and liberation ethics: bases for health care as a human right -- Global health and human rights framework from below: theological and anthropological perspectives -- Popular education and public health: a community-based approach for healthcare advocacy.

O trabalho aborda a formação da moral econômica brasileira investigando suas principais características na república velha e no Estado novo. O estudo de caráter bibliográfico constatou morais dominantes distintas nessas fases: na república velha foi agressiva, típica de mercados primitivos em que há mais flexibilidade para busca de ganhos monetários elevados, e no Estado novo há contrapeso social à primeira, via Estado, diminuindo o poder de grupos tradicionais. Na primeira fase é classificada como mandeviliana e decorre da formação econômica do país, historicamente conduzida por elites conservadoras excludentes, enquanto na segunda, procedendo da cultura econômica diferenciada da região sul, onde havia melhor partição da renda e da terra, a moral teve seu caráter designado como smithiano.

O presente artigo pretende investigar se houve mudança na moral econômica predominante da sociedade brasileira com o advento da crise de 2014. Esta moral é compreendida como elemento superestrutural central da sociedade e delineada historicamente a partir da identificação dos princípios que regem as práticas do mercado e de sua expressão política. Verificou-se que a moral econômica na aludida crise continua definida por grupos tradicionais locais e pelo grande capital internacional, tendo traços predominantes primitivos, porém, sofre pequenas correções de rota no longo-prazo em razão de movimentos na dinâmica socioeconômica externa e interna, como foi o caso do período estudado.

Given the socio-political context of Latin American countries and their leftist and center-leftist parties that had governed some countries since the beginning of the 2000's, this essay will present Simone Weil's anthropology of a rooted people towards social justice guided by a spirituality of supernatural justice. This anthropology supports her criticism of political parties that this essay will use to examine the Brazilian context and its Workers' Party that gov­erned the country for over thirteen years and ended its tenure after a process of impeachment. Although Simone Weil seems to be pessimistic as to whether multiparty or monoparty political systems are able to promote and maintain a social order able to lead people to find their rootedness, she develops a critical anthropology that allows us to understand when a political party abandons its commitment to develop social policies for the poor and working class. Conse­quently, the political party assumes an agenda of maintaining power, no matter the means that must be used to achieve this goal.

The following text discusses the epistemological changes in the field of Portuguese as an Additional Language (PAL), in Brazil, in the years that preceded the establishment of the Certificate of Proficiency in Portuguese for Foreigners (Celpe-Bras). Therefore, this exam is understood as a mechanism of de facto linguistic policies, related to the ideological model of linguistic policies by Shohamy (2006), considering an approach for its importance in the development of the field of PAL in Brazil. The debate pertaining to the epistemological changes, which are noticeable in academic publications, is revealed considering its relations with the theoretical postulates of the Celpe-Bras. These changes can be found mostly in thesis and dissertations selected based on the revision of the gathering of academic works performed by Furtoso (2015). This mechanism, from 1998 onwards, validates and expands the criticism and reinterpretation present in the production of the field, before its emergence. Its construction followed the epistemological changes of the area of study and systematized the main reflections concerning the proficiency in an additional language.

Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem portugiesischen Liedermacher und Sänger José Afonso. Es gilt, aufgrund seines umfangreichen und vielfältigen vertonten und unvertontem Werkes, ihn auch als Dichter zu begreifen und möglichst seine Verortung sowie seinen Kontakt zu den entsprechenden Strömungen nachzuweisen. In einem ersten Schritt werden Konzepte engagierter Literatur (Lyrik) diskutiert. Engagierte Lyrik wird begriffen als ständige Beschäftigung mit der Engagiertheit selbst. Kunstkonventionen bzw. ihre Grenzen hinsichtlich außerliterarischer Themen und Motive stehen in einem unauflösbaren Spannungsverhältnis. Der zweite Schritt verfolgt die Literaturgeschichte der Poesie des Neorealismus (als erste Strömung, deren Umfeld sich zentral als engagiert versteht) über den Surrealismus bis hin zu den Strömungen der 1960er Jahre, als sich auch die Bewegung der Liedermacher ("canção de intervenção", Protestlied) entwickelt, bei denen José Afonso als wichtigster Vertreter gilt. Ein Autorenkreis von insgesamt sieben Akteuren, bei denen spezifische Verbindungen zwischen Musik und Poesie vorherrschen (hauptsächlich Vertonungen), weist diese poetisch-musikalische Entwicklung im zweiten Drittel des 20. Jahrhunderts konkret nach. Diesem Autorenkreis wird nun José Afonso hinzugefügt. Sein Werk wird nach den Kriterien "popular" (volkstümlich), "politisch-historisch" (thematisch, "Engagement"), "Innerlichkeit, Naturidylle, Metapoesie" (ästhetisch, stilistisch) erstmals vollständig untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, dass auch sein Werk dem Umfeld engagierter Poesie zuzuordnen ist, aber ebenso wie die Poesie des Surrealismus und der Folgeströmungen vor allem durch evasive Tendenzen (Verweigerung, Ludismus) geprägt ist.

Background: Some scholars and global health advocates argue that litigation is a strategy to advance public health care, especially in those countries that do not have specific legislation to guarantee access to basic health care services. However, strategic litigation has another side, known as judicialization of the right to health, particularly present in the Latin American region where most countries incorporate the right to health into their constitutions, but their citizens still struggle with health disparities.Objectives: Considering these two perspectives on litigation in health care, this paper examines the phenomenon of litigation in health care and its impact on public health in Brazil, where there is an ambiguous process of litigation in health care.Methods: Comparing the literature of both the use of strategic litigation for advancing public health and the judicialization of the right to health, this paper develops an ethical analysis of the impacts of strategic litigation for individuals and societies, using Brazil's public health care system and its policies as case-study of the impact of court decisions on the management of the system.Findings: Supporters of strategic litigation present experiences in African countries using this strategy to access a specific medical service led to enforce the creation of health-related policies by authorities and policymakers. However, in Brazil, a country with the right to health guaranteed by its Constitution, strategic litigation creates access to health care for some individuals, but also results in complex sociomedical challenges with significant impact for public administration and distributive justice.Conclusions: Strategic litigation can lead to ambiguous results, which will depend on the local context and the existence or not of public health services and health-related policies. When this strategy is considered, ethical analysis helps to understand how litigation can both benefit and damage individuals' health and the public health system in the complex context and diverse reality of Brazil. As a result, strategic litigation must be considered from an ethical perspective of prudence and discernment in a close interaction with the local reality, its particular circumstances, culture, policies, and laws.

Resenha: Rezende, Lucas Pereira, 2015. Sobe e Desce – explicandoa cooperação em defesa na América do Sul. Brasília: EditoraUniversidade de Brasília.

O artigo compara os documentos brasileiros de Defesa de 2016 (minutas/propostas) com os de 2012 (oficiais), associando‑os com a Política Nacional de Inteligência (2016) e a Estratégia Nacional de Inteligência (2017), objetivando identificar como a Atividade de Inteligência é abordada pela Defesa e como uma área propõe cooperar e interagir com a outra.