Suchergebnisse

Este artigo apresenta o resultado da pesquisa de Mestrado desenvolvida durante o ano de 2010 e 2011 sobre o trabalho do profissional de apoio em turmas de Educação Infantil e Ensino Fundamental que possuem sujeitos da Educação Especial matriculados nos municípios de Florianópolis e São José. Investigou-se como a atuação destes profissionais tem sido organizada para o atendimento aos sujeitos da Educação Especial nas classes comuns. A partir desta pesquisa, foram evidenciadas as problemáticas existentes neste cargo que agregadas, constituem elementos de um processo de precarização e intensificação do trabalho docente e demonstram, de forma explícita, o modelo de inclusão escolar que está sendo difundido nas políticas nacionais para Educação Especial.Palavras-chave: Profissional de apoio. Trabalho docente. Educação especial.

<b><i>Background/Aims:</i></b> This study compares illegal drug and alcohol use behaviors between medical and nonmedical users of prescription opioids (PO) and nonmedical users with distinct motives to use. <b><i>Method:</i></b> An ethically approved cross-sectional study (2010) was conducted on a representative sample of private university students (n = 570), using a self-filled anonymous questionnaire. <b><i>Results:</i></b> About 25% reported using PO only medically and 15% nonmedically. The prevalence of alcohol and illegal drug use was consistently higher among nonmedical than medical PO users. Adjusting for age and gender, lifetime medical users of PO were more likely to use marijuana only (OR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.1, 2.8), while nonmedical users were at higher odds of using marijuana, ecstasy, cocaine/crack, and alcohol problematically. Compared to nonusers, students who took PO nonmedically for nontherapeutic reasons were more likely to use various illegal drugs, but nonmedical users who took PO to relieve pain/help in sleep were only more likely to use marijuana (OR = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.1, 5.4) and alcohol (e.g. alcohol abuse; OR = 3.8, 95% CI: = 1.4, 10.1). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Youth who use PO nonmedically to self-treat have a different alcohol and illegal drug-using profile than those who take it for nontherapeutic reasons.

Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages in the world and is the second largest traded commodity after petroleum. Due to the great demand of this product, large amounts of residues are generated in the coffee industry, which are toxic and represent serious environmental problems. Coffee silverskin and spent coffee grounds are the main coffee industry residues, obtained during the beans roasting, and the process to prepare "instant coffee", respectively. Recently, some attempts have been made to use these residues for energy or value-added compounds production, as strategies to reduce their toxicity levels, while adding value to them. The present article provides an overview regarding coffee and its main industrial residues. In a first part, the composition of beans and their processing, as well as data about the coffee world production and exportation, are presented. In the sequence, the characteristics, chemical composition, and application of the main coffee industry residues are reviewed. Based on these data, it was concluded that coffee may be considered as one of the most valuable primary products in world trade, crucial to the economies and politics of many developing countries since its cultivation, processing, trading, transportation, and marketing provide employment for millions of people. As a consequence of this big market, the reuse of the main coffee industry residues is of large importance from environmental and economical ...

BACKGROUND: Nearly half of marijuana users in the United States also smoke cigarillos, with many using the products as marijuana "blunts." The relationship between marijuana legalization and tobacco retail has not yet been examined. This study uses tobacco sales data to compare the cigarillo marketplace in states with legalized recreational marijuana to the overall U.S. marketplace in 2016. METHODS: Cigarillo sales data from 2016 were obtained from the Nielsen Research Company in the following market regions: Denver, CO; Seattle, WA; Portland, OR; and the overall U.S. Descriptive statistics highlighted differences in the market share of various product features (e.g., flavors, brand, pack size) across regions. RESULTS: Characteristics such as fruit flavors, single sticks, and 2–3 packs were more popular in legal marijuana regions compared to the overall U.S. Black & Mild, a brand not traditionally used for blunts, was the top brand nationally (32.8% market share), but Swisher was the top brand in legal marijuana regions. In Seattle and Portland, for example, over half the of cigarillo sales were for Swisher products (59.1% and 52.1%, respectively). Cigarillo wraps (i.e., no tobacco filler) were particularly popular in Denver, constituting 11.4% all cigarillo sales versus 2.8% nationally. CONCLUSIONS: Cigarillo product characteristics traditionally associated with blunt use may shape the tobacco market in legal marijuana regions. As more states continue to legalize recreational marijuana, state and local governments should anticipate the potential impact on the tobacco marketplace and implement tobacco control policies (e.g., flavor bans, minimum pack sizes) that discourage product use.

Twenty-three states and the District of Columbia have passed laws implementing medical marijuana programs. The nineteen programs that were in operation as of October 2014 collectively had over one million participants. All states (including D.C.) with medical marijuana laws require physicians directly or indirectly to authorize the use of marijuana at their discretion, yet little is known about how medical marijuana programs vary regarding adherence to basic principles of medical practice and associated rates of enrollment. To explore this, we analyzed marijuana programs according to seven components of traditional medical care and pharmaceutical regulation. We then examined enrollment rates, while controlling for potentially confounding state characteristics. We found that fourteen of the twenty-four programs were nonmedical and collectively enrolled 99.4 percent of participants nationwide, with enrollment rates twenty times greater than programs deemed to be "medicalized." Policy makers implementing or amending medical marijuana programs should consider the powerful relationship between less regulation and greater enrollment. Researchers should consider variations across programs when assessing programs' population-level effects.

Abstract

Aims
Asian Americans are the fastest growing racial and ethnic subgroup in the USA but are underrepresented in the alcohol literature, partially due to misconceptions and racial stereotypes. We estimated any alcohol screening/discussions with providers among Asian Americans and other racial and ethnic subgroups and tested associations with alcohol treatment.


Methods
Weighted prevalences of any alcohol screening or discussions with providers included US adults reporting past-year alcohol use and &gt; =1 healthcare visit in the 2015–2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (n = 123,002). Multinomial logistic regressions estimated adjusted associations between alcohol use screening/discussions (ref: no screening/discussion) comparing Asian Americans to other racial and ethnic adult subgroups. Among adults with alcohol use disorder (AUD), we estimated adjusted odds of alcohol treatment and perceived treatment need by screening/discussions and racial and ethnic subgroup.


Results
Among Asian American adults who reported past-year alcohol use and a healthcare visit, 24.7% reported any screening only and 51.4% discussed alcohol with providers. All racial and ethnic subgroups were more likely than Asian Americans to report alcohol screening/discussions (e.g. white adults, screening adjusted relative risk ratio [aRRR] = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.28–1.72; discussions aRRR = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.74–2.10). AUD treatment use and perceived need were about two times higher among people reporting alcohol discussions.


Conclusions
Asian Americans were less likely to report discussing alcohol with providers than all other racial and ethnic subgroups. Alcohol discussions were associated with treatment use and perceived need. Efforts to increase equitable alcohol screening and discussions with clinicians are needed.

Background and Aims Most US states have passed medical marijuana laws (MMLs), with great variation in program regulation impacting enrollment rates. We aimed to compare changes in rates of marijuana use, heavy use and cannabis use disorder across age groups while accounting for whether states enacted medicalized (highly regulated) or non-medical mml programs. Design Difference-in-differences estimates with time-varying state-level MML coded by program type (medicalized versus non-medical). Multi-level linear regression models adjusted for state-level random effects and covariates as well as historical trends in use. Setting Nation-wide cross-sectional survey data from the US National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) restricted use data portal aggregated at the state level. Participants Participants comprised 2004–13 NSDUH respondents (n ~ 67 500/year); age groups 12–17, 18–25 and 26+ years. States had implemented eight medicalized and 15 non-medical MML programs. Measurements Primary outcome measures included (1) active (past-month) marijuana use; (2) heavy use (> 300 days/year); and (3) cannabis use disorder diagnosis, based on DSM-IV criteria. Covariates included program type, age group and state-level characteristics throughout the study period. Findings Adults 26+ years of age living in states with non-medical MML programs increased past-month marijuana use 1.46% (from 4.13 to 6.59%, P = 0.01), skewing towards greater heavy marijuana by 2.36% (from 14.94 to 17.30, P = 0.09) after MMLs were enacted. However, no associated increase in the prevalence of cannabis use disorder was found during the study period. Our findings do not show increases in prevalence of marijuana use among adults in states with medicalized MML programs. Additionally, there were no increases in adolescent or young adult marijuana outcomes following MML passage, irrespective of program type. Conclusions Non-medical marijuana laws enacted in US states are associated with increased marijuana use, but only among adults aged 26+ years. Researchers and policymakers should consider program regulation and subgroup characteristics (i.e. demographics) when assessing for population level outcomes. Researchers and policymakers should consider program regulation and subgroup characteristics (i.e. demographics) when assessing for population level outcomes.

A corrupção faz jus a diversos enfoques e estudos não por tratar-se de assunto em voga, mas porque afeta gravemente o desenvolvimento de um país ao desviar recursos públicos para determinadas associações privadas. Além de desvirtuar a própria procura pelo interesse público e pelo bem comum, o ato da corrupção torna-se imensamente perturbador com a observação das precárias condições nas quais se encontram muitas pessoas. Por meio da comparação entre o Índice de Percepção de Corrupção (CPI) e o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH), procurou-se neste trabalho contribuir com o debate sobre como eles afetam no desenvolvimento socioeconômico dos países. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em analisar se existe relação entre percepção de corrupção e desenvolvimento humano, no período de 2012 a 2017 em todos os continentes. Para tanto, foram utilizadas duas metodologias: a revisão bibliográfica e a estatística descritiva. Foram coletados e analisados dados referentes ao IDH e à percepção de corrupção de três países em cada continente do globo, a saber: os três países que possuíam menor índice de percepção de corrupção e os três países com maior índice de percepção de corrupção, dentro de um mesmo continente e relacionando este índice com os índices de desenvolvimento humanos destes países, para, desta forma, observar se há alguma relação entre percepção de corrupção e desenvolvimento humano. Os resultados sugerem que quanto mais elevado o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano de um país (IDH próximo a 1) maior é a percepção de corrupção nesse mesmo país (CPI próximo de 100).

There is considerable interest in the effects of medical marijuana laws (MML) on marijuana use in the USA, particularly among youth. The article by Stolzenberg et al. (2015) "The effect of medical cannabis laws on juvenile cannabis use" concludes that "implementation of medical cannabis laws increase juvenile cannabis use". This result is opposite to the findings of other studies that analysed the same US National Survey on Drug Use in Households data as well as opposite to studies analysing other national data which show no increase or even a decrease in youth marijuana use after the passage of MML. We provide a replication of the Stolzenberg et al. results and demonstrate how the comparison they are making is actually driven by differences between states with and without MML rather than being driven by pre and post-MML changes within states. We show that Stolzenberg et al. do not properly control for the fact that states that pass MML during 2002–2011 tend to already have higher past-month marijuana use before passing the MML in the first place. We further show that when within-state changes are properly considered and pre-MML prevalence is properly controlled, there is no evidence of a differential increase in past-month marijuana use in youth that can be attributed to state MML.