Suchergebnisse

Introduction. During autumn 1943 – spring 1944 the systematic phased evacuation of the German population was carried out from the occupied Soviet regions. Its final phase was the operation of relocating more than 130 000 ethnic Germans from the Transnistria Governorate controlled by Romanian authorities to the territory of Warthegau.

Materials and methods. The presented research is based on the historicism and objectivity principles. In the course of the work, the author uses special methods such as historical-systematic, chronological, historicaldescriptive, and historical-genetic. The Source base of the research consists of documents of archival funds of Germany, memoirs and partly materials from the German press.

Analysis. The decision of the SS leadership to execute the evacuation of ethnic Germans from Transnistria was due to the further advance of Soviet troops in the southern direction. However, even at the planning stage, the German side was faced with serious problems that could disrupt the entire operation. Due to the fact that control over many transport communications was lost, evacuation routes could only run through the territory of Romania, Bulgaria, occupied Serbia and Hungary. Therefore, the German leadership had to initiate urgent negotiations with the authorities of some of these states. Especially difficult was the negotiation process with the Romanian side which did not want to provide any assistance in the evacuation of the Germans from Transnistria. The High Command of the Wehrmacht was also in no hurry to provide assistance (for example, in transport support).

Results. Despite the above-mentioned problems, the SS leadership was still able to carry out this resettlement action for several months. Most Germans decided to leave their homes not under the administrative pressure from the occupying authorities, but voluntarily, guided exclusively by the instinct of their survival.

The article highlights the key aspects related to the daily life of ethnic Germans in Ukraine during the occupation period. Particular attention is paid to the causes, nature and forms of collaboration, as well as the relationship of the German ethnic minority with representatives of other nationalities. It also briefly describes the mutual perception of the occupation authorities and the ethnic Germans. Furthermore, an additional emphasis is put on activities relating to the political indoctrination of Volksdeutsche during the occupation ; Статья посвящена ключевым аспектам, связанным с повседневной жизнью этнических немцев в условиях оккупации. Особое внимание уделено причинам, характеру и формам коллаборационизма, а также взаимоотношениям немецкого этнического меньшинства с представителями других национальностей. Охарактеризовано взаимное восприятие оккупационных властей и этнических немцев. Также отдельный акцент сделан на мероприятиях, связанных с политической индоктринацией фольксдойче во время оккупации

Sergey N Avdeev,1 Alexander A Vizel,2 Vladimir N Abrosimov3 ,† Andrey A Zaicev,4 Galina L Ignatova,5 Rustem F Khamitov,2 Marina P Mikhaylusova,6 Julia S Shapovalova,7 Elena F Pavlysh,8 Basil I Trofimov,9 Alexander V Emelyanov,10 Tatiana I Martynenko,11 Vladimir A Martynenko,12 Natalia E Kostina,13 Danila A Chizhov,14 Olga Yu Chizhova,10 Natalia A Kuzubova,15 Elena V Makova,16 Ekaterina V Makarova17,18 1I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; 2Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia; 3Ryazan State Medical University Named After Academician I.P. Pavlov, Ryazan, Russia; 4The Main Military Clinical Hospital Named After Academician N.N. Burdenko, Moscow, Russia; 5Regional Clinical Hospital No. 4, Chelyabinsk, Russia; 6Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; 7Chelyabinsk Road Clinical Hospital "Russian Railways", Chelyabinsk, Russia; 8Nikiforov's All-Russian Center for Emergency and Radiation Medicine of the Emergencies, St. Petersburg, Russia; 9I.P. Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia; 10North-Western State Medical University Named After I.I. Mechnikov, St. Petersburg, Russia; 11Regional State City Hospital No. 5, Barnaul, Russia; 12Regional State Clinical Hospital, Barnaul, Russia; 13Voronezh Regional Clinical Hospital No. 1, Voronezh, Russia; 14St. Petersburg State City Polyclinic No. 106, St. Petersburg, Russia; 15St. Petersburg State Vvedenskaya City Clinical Hospital, St. Petersburg, Russia; 16State Samara City Hospital No. 4, Samara, Russia; 17Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; 18State City Clinical Hospital No. 10, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia†Professor Vladimir Abrosimov passed away on January 22, 2019Correspondence: Sergey N AvdeevI.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8– 2, Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, RussiaTel +7-495-465-74-15Fax +7-495-465-52-64Email serg_avdeev@list.ruBackground: Chronic cough declines quality of life and increases risk of complications in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Reducing cough severity and associated negative effects is important therapeutic goal in COPD. Rengalin with anti- and protussive activity is based on technologically processed antibodies to bradykinin, histamine and morphine.Aim: To evaluate efficacy and safety of Rengalin in treatment of cough in patients with COPD.Methods: Patients (n=238, mean age 64.3± 8.2 years) with stable COPD and persistent cough despite maintenance therapy (anticholinergics, beta-2-adrenergic agonists, inhaled corticosteroids) were included and randomized in the study. The severity of cough assessment (according to the "Cough Severity Score"), COPD impact on patient's life (COPD Assessment Test, CAT), and spirometry were performed at screening. Patients took Rengalin or Placebo 2 tablets 2 times daily for 4 weeks. The endpoints were proportion of patients who responded to treatment, dynamics of cough severity, and severity of COPD symptoms. Intention-to-treat (per protocol) analysis was performed.Results: Positive response to Rengalin was recorded in 83.6 [85.7]% (vs 72.6 [72.7]% in Placebo group, p=0.0422 [p=0.0163]). Double decrease of cough severity was reported in 42.2 [43.8]% in Rengalin group (versus 32.7 [32.7]% in Placebo; p=0.1373 [p=0.0907]). The total CAT score decreased by 3.3± 4.2 [3.6± 3.9] points (versus 2.5± 4.1 [2.5± 4.2] in Placebo group); the difference between groups was 0.79± 4.16 [1.04± 4.02] points (p=0.0870 [p=0.0416]). The number of patients with adverse events (AEs) in Rengalin (n=13) and Placebo (n=12) groups did not have significant differences (p=1.00). No AEs with certain relationship with study drug were registered.Conclusion: Rengalin is an effective and safe drug in patients with stable COPD and persistent cough, despite stable doses of maintenance therapy according to the GOLD guidelines. Four-week therapy decreases severity of cough by two times in more than 40% of patients.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (id: NCT03159091).Keywords: cough, cough management, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, treatment, Rengalin