Suchergebnisse

Competition law, especially after the advent of the so-called Chicago School, has often been viewed as a policy interested in the pursuit of economic efficiency only, and sometimes it has also been enforced accordingly. However, the call to improve – if not save – the conditions of the environment in which we live has become urgent for our economic, social and legal systems. Therefore, every policy, competition law included, must play its part, as the protection of the environment represents a core value of our societies' constitutional foundations. In the context of competition law, this means allowing sustainability agreements aimed at pursuing environmentally friendly objectives, such as new products or productive processes. This can be reached through various means, especially by means of the exemption provided by Article 101, paragraph 3, TFEU. This article will analyse the various approaches that can lead to an innovative and environmentally friendly application of competition law, bearing in mind that the inclusion of these concerns in the assessment of competition law cases is rooted in the 'multi-value' approach to competition required by the EU Treaties.

Given the globalized scale of the current economic system, effective collective redress mechanisms represent a fundamental tool for consumers and citizens. While in the United States collective actions constitute a common instrument, in the European context their development has been more complex. After a Recommendation issued by the European Commission in 2013, several models have been adopted or reformed across Europe. The regulatory competition approach has been preferred in respect of the simple harmonization of the several national rules. In particular, the French system adopted a completely new tool, the action de groupe, in 2014, while in the UK an option for opt-out collective actions has been recently introduced. The debate over reform of collective redress has also flourished in Italy, leading to the adoption of Law No. 31 of 2019, which will enter into force in November 2020 and will completely redesign the Italian collective action model. This reform has broadened the scope of such a remedy, which has also been made available outside the consumer law field. Moreover, the opt-in system has been strengthened, by allowing adherents to join the claim after the decision on the merits issued by the court. The latter solution embodies a transplant of the action de groupe. In the meantime, the European Union has reawakened its interest in the collective redress field and has drafted a directive proposal, which was approved by the Council of the EU in November 2019. This article will analyse the new Italian reform in a comparative perspective with the French model.
collective action; class action; collective redress; consumers; damages; tort law; Italy; Italian law; France; French law; reform; compensation; comparative law; European Union.

There is currently very little information on the survival of discards of unwanted and unregulated catches of invertebrates after the stresses caused by capture. A great number of the unregulated invertebrate species form the basis of essential fish habitats for important fisheries resources such as hake, red mullet and cuttlefish. Thus, data on their survival after discarding may help to interpret the role of these species within the benthic ecosystems. Furthermore, descriptor 6 of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (EU Directive 2008/56/E) foresees maintaining sea floor integrity at a level that ensures that the structure and functions of the ecosystems are safeguarded, and Article 7(d) of the Common Fisheries Policy (EU Reg. 1380/2013) foresees the implementation of management measures for fishing with low impact on the marine ecosystem and fishery resources. Survival measurements by direct recovery of tagged discarded species are not effective in bottom trawl fisheries, for which alternative studies such as semi-quantitative measures obtained on board prior to discarding can be considered as appropriate for mortality estimation. The present work assessed the survival of unwanted species using a semi-quantitative assessment on the deck of trawlers and at the laboratory for a period of 96 hours in two Mediterranean areas (the Catalan coast and the Ligurian and Northern Tyrrhenian seas). A high number of discarded invertebrates showed a high percentage of survival (>70%) in both assessments. The results can be used to provide information that can help to achieve higher survival levels of discarded specimens and enhance the productivity of fishing grounds by increasing the health of benthic ecosystems. ; Actualmente, hay muy poca información sobre la supervivencia del descarte de los invertebrados no-deseados y no-regulados después del stress de la captura. Un gran número de especies de estos invertebrados son básicas para los hábitats esenciales de importantes recursos pesqueros como la merluza, el salmonete o la sepia. Por lo tanto, información sobre su supervivencia al ser descartados pueden ayudar a interpretar el papel de estas especies dentro de los ecosistemas bentónicos. Además, el punto 6 de la Directiva Marco de Estrategia Marina (MSFD, EU Directive 2008/56/E) prevé mantener la integridad del fondo marino a un nivel que garantice la protección de la estructura y de las funciones de los ecosistemas, y el artículo 7 (d) de la Política Pesquera Común (PPC EU Reg. 1380/2013) prevé la implementación de medidas de gestión para la pesca, que tengan bajo impacto tanto en el ecosistema marino como en los recursos pesqueros. En el caso de las pescas de arrastre de fondo, no es efectiva la estimación de la supervivencia a partir del método directo de captura-recapture de las especies del descarte marcadas, por lo que los estudios alternativos, como las medidas semicuantitativas obtenidas a bordo antes del descarte, pueden considerarse una estimación de la mortalidad apropiada. El presente trabajo evaluó la supervivencia del descarte de especies no-deseadas utilizando una Evaluación Semicuantitativa (SQA) mediante dos estudios: uno sobre la cubierta de los arrastreros y el otro en laboratorio durante un período de 96 horas, en dos áreas del Mediterráneo, las costas Catalanas y en los mares de Liguria y del Tirreno Norte. Los resultados mostraron en ambos estudios, que un alto número de invertebrados descartados tenía un alto porcentaje de supervivencia (>70%). El propósito de estos resultados es proporcionar información que puede ayudar a alcanzar niveles de supervivencia más altos de los individuos descartados. Al mismo tiempo, se espera que con esta mejora se consiga potenciar la productividad de los caladeros al aumentar la salud de los ecosistemas bentónicos.

Special issue on Discards regulation vs Mediterranean fisheries sustainability.-- 10 pages, 5 figures, 5 tables, supplementary material http://scimar.icm.csic.es/scimar/supplm/sm04784esm.pdf ; [EN] There is currently very little information on the survival to discarding of unwanted and non-regulated catches of invertebrates, after the stresses due to capture. A great number of the non-regulated invertebrate species are the basis of Essential Fish Habitats for important fisheries resources such as hake, red mullet or cuttlefish. Thus, data on their survival to discarding may help to interpret the role of these species within the benthic ecosystems. Furthermore, descriptor 6 of Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD, EU Directive 2008/56/E) foresees maintaining sea floor integrity at a level that ensures that the structure and functions of the ecosystems are safeguarded and article 7(d) of the Common Fishery Policy (CFP, EU Reg. 1380/2013) foresees the implementation of management measures for fishing with low impact on the marine ecosystem and fishery resources. Survival measurements by direct recovering tagged discarded species are not effective in bottom trawl fisheries for which alternative studies, such as semi-quantitative measures obtained on board prior to discarding, can be considered as appropriate for mortality estimation. The present work assessed the survival of unwanted species using a Semi-Quantitative Assessment (SQA) on deck of trawlers and at the laboratory for a period of 96 hours in two Mediterranean areas (Catalan Coasts and Ligurian and Northern Tyrrhenian Sea). The results showed that a high number of discarded invertebrates had a high percentage of survival (>70%) in both assessments. The purpose of these results is to provide information that can help to achieve higher survival levels of the discarded specimens. At the same time, it is expected that this improvement can enhance the productivity of the fishing grounds by increasing the health of the benthic ecosystems ; [ES] Actualmente, hay muy poca información sobre la supervivencia del descarte de los invertebrados no-deseados y no-regulados después del stress de la captura. Un gran número de especies de estos invertebrados son básicas para los hábitats esenciales de importantes recursos pesqueros como la merluza, el salmonete o la sepia. Por lo tanto, información sobre su supervivencia al ser descartados pueden ayudar a interpretar el papel de estas especies dentro de los ecosistemas bentónicos. Además, el punto 6 de la Directiva Marco de Estrategia Marina (MSFD, EU Directive 2008/56/E) prevé mantener la inte-gridad del fondo marino a un nivel que garantice la protección de la estructura y de las funciones de los ecosistemas, y el artículo 7 (d) de la Política Pesquera Común (PPC EU Reg. 1380/2013) prevé la implementación de medidas de gestión para la pesca, que tengan bajo impacto tanto en el ecosistema marino como en los recursos pesqueros. En el caso de las pescas de arrastre de fondo, no es efectiva la estimación de la supervivencia a partir del método directo de captura-recapture de las especies del descarte marcadas, por lo que los estudios alternativos, como las medidas semicuantitativas obtenidas a bordo antes del descarte, pueden considerarse una estimación de la mortalidad apropiada. El presente trabajo evaluó la supervivencia del descarte de especies no-deseadas utilizando una Evaluación Semicuantitativa (SQA) mediante dos estudios: uno sobre la cubierta de los arrastreros y el otro en laboratorio durante un período de 96 horas, en dos áreas del Mediterráneo, las costas Catalanas y en los mares de Liguria y del Tirreno Norte. Los resultados mostraron en ambos estudios, que un alto número de invertebrados descartados tenía un alto porcentaje de supervivencia (>70%). El propósito de estos resultados es proporcionar información que puede ayudar a alcanzar niveles de supervivencia más altos de los individuos descartados. Al mismo tiempo, se espera que con esta mejora se consiga potenciar la productividad de los caladeros al aumentar la salud de los ecosistemas bentónicos ; This study received funding from the European Commission's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement No. 634495 for the project "Science, Technology, and Society Initiative to Minimize Unwanted Catches in European Fisheries" (MINOUW) ; Peer Reviewed