Suchergebnisse

Le législateur français a créé en 1978 la première autorité administrative indépendante pour contrôler l'activité des pouvoirs publics, puis progressivement des opérateurs privés, en matière de recours à l'informatique pour traiter les données personnelles des citoyens. La CNIL autorité administrative est bien indépendante du gouvernement et du parlement comme le montrent sa composition et son mode de fonctionnement. Elle reste contrôlée par le juge constitutionnel, administratif et judiciaire. Elle assure le respect d'un certain nombre de principes aujourd'hui communs à toutes les autorités similaires de l'U.E. Pour cela, elle exerce en premier lieu des contrôles a priori sur les décisions de création des traitements de données personnelles d'autant plus poussés que ces traitements présentent des risques pour les libertés. Mais de plus en plus, elle développe des contrôles a posteriori, soit à la demande des citoyens, soit de sa propre initiative, qui peuvent aller jusqu'au prononcé de sanctions contre les responsables de traitement ; Francuski zakonodavac je 1978. osnovao prvo nezavisno upravno tijelo za kontrolu aktivnosti javnih vlasti, zatim postupno i za kontrolu privatnih subjekata, pri uporabi računala za obradu osobnih podataka građana. CNIL je upravno tijelo koje ne ovisi ni o vladi niti o parlamentu kao što to njegov sastav i način djelovanja potvrđuju. Ustavni, upravni i redovni sudac kontroliraju Nacionalno povjerenstvo za informatiku i slobode. Ono jamči poštivanje određenog broja načela koja su danas zajednička svim sličnim tijelima u Europskoj uniji. Zbog toga, to povjerenstvo prvenstveno obavlja prethodne kontrole odluka o provođenju obrade osobnih podataka, a koje su još strože u slučaju da predstavljaju opasnost za slobode. Međutim, povjerenstvo sve češće provodi naknadne kontrole na zahtjev građana ili samoinicijativno, a posljedica može biti izricanje kazni protiv odgovornih osoba za obradu podataka. ; The French legislator in 1978 founded the first independent administrative body to control the activities of public authorities, then gradually to control private subjects with the use of the computer for analysing the personal data of citizens. CNIL is an administrative body which is independent of the government or parliament as its constitution and method of activity confirm. Constitutional, administrative and regular judges control the National Board for computer technology and freedoms. It guarantees respecting a certain number of principles which are common to all similar bodies in the European Union. Due to this, the Board mainly carries out previous controls of the decision on implementing analysis of personal data which are even stricter if it is a case of endangering freedom. However, the Board more and more often carries out additional controls upon citizen request or of its own accord. The consequence can be sentencing the persons responsible for data analysis.

U povijesnom razvoju francuskog upravnog suca razlikuje se više vremenskih trenutaka. Prvo je razdoblje od 1974-1989. u kojem se se sudske odluke vrlo rijetko temeljile na odredbama Konvencije. Drugo razdoblje započinje 20. listopada 1989. godine, presudom u predmetu Nicolo. Upravno je sudovanje prihvatilo, nakon spomenute presude, nadzirati usklađenost nacionalnog zakona s Konvencijom. Državni savjet se odvažio u početku oprezno, a poslije sve žešće, provoditi takava nadzor usklađenosti koji ga je doveo do toga da ne samo zabranjuje primjenu zakona zbog suprotnosti s Konvencijom, nego i da osudi državu za naknadu štete koja je proizašla iz takvog zakona, osobito kada je zakonodavac zanemario neke smjernice. U trećem razdoblju Državni savjet, nakon dugo opiranja, uskladio s pravnom praksom suda u Strasbourgu. S druge strane, čini se da ima znatno restriktivniju koncepciju obveze neovisnosti, nepristranosti i propisivanje obveze da sud mora biti reguliran zakonom, kako u sastavu tijela koji sud, kao i u vođenju spora od strane Europskog suda za zaštitu ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda. ; In the historical development of the French administrative judge several moments in time have been differentiated. The first period was from 1947-1989 where court decisions were very rarely based on Convention provisions. The second period started October 20, 1989 with the court decision in the Nicolo case. Administrative adjudication process accepted, after the above mentioned decision, to supervise the harmonisation of national law with the Convention. The Government Council carefully dared at the beginning and later more frequently to implement such supervision of harmonisation. This brought about not just forbidding the application of the law due to contrariness to the Convention, but to also to suing the state for damages which occurred from such law, particularly when the legislator ignored some directions. In the third period the Government Council, after much resistance, harmonised with Strasbourg Court legal practise. On the other hand, it seems that it has a significantly more restrictive concept of the obligation of independence, impartiality, and prescribing obligations that the court has to be legally regulated both in system of bodies and in dispute settlement by the European Court for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms.

Résumé Pour être impartial, l'État, face à l'opposition, doit-il ignorer les appartenances politiques ou en tenir compte de façon équilibrée ? La réponse varie selon la nature des décisions en cause. Trois exemples sont ici analysés : le protocole et les usages républicains, les nominations de hauts fonctionnaires et la représentation parlementaire dans des organismes extraparlementaires.

In order to remain impartial toward the opposition should the state ignore partisan identities or take them into account in a balanced manner? The answer varies according to the nature of the decisions involved. Three examples are analyzed: the Republican protocol and customs, the appointment of higher civil servants, and the parliamentary representation in extra-parliamentary organizations. Adapted from the source document.