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Innovation through exaptation and its determinants: The role of technological complexity, analogy making & patent scope
In: Research Policy, Band 45, Heft 7, S. 1419-1435
Measuring Exaptation and Its Impact on Innovation, Search, and Problem Solving
In: Organization science, Band 28, Heft 2, S. 320-338
ISSN: 1526-5455
Exaptation, the emergence of latent functionality in existing artifacts, is an underexplored mechanism of novelty generation in innovation. In this paper, we measure the frequency of exaptation in the pharmaceutical industry. We find that about 42% of new functions derived from existing drugs have an exaptive nature. We think that this constitutes the first measure of exaptation in any industry. We also link exaptation with radical innovation and find that most radical innovations in our sample are exaptive. Also, nearly all radical innovations occur in market areas very distant from the drug's original market. We propose that exaptive innovation constitutes a different search mechanism and problem-solving approach from deliberate innovation and discuss the role of context and serendipity in innovation.
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More Thumbs Than Rules: Is Rationality an Exaptation?
In: Frontiers in Psychology
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Factor Markets, Actors and Affordances
In: Industrial and Corporate Change, Forthcoming
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