Suchergebnisse

Chapter 1: Introduction: Why to Study "The Portuguese Escudo Monetary Zone and its Impact in Colonial and Post-Colonial Africa" -- Part I. The Origin of the Escudo Monetary Zone -- Chapter 2: The Escudo Monetary Zone -- Chapter 3: The Difficulties in launching the Escudo Monetary Zone -- Chapter 4: War, Confidence, and Expectations. Adjusting the Rules of the Escudo Monetary Zone -- Part II. The Transition to a Revised Escudo Monetary Zone -- Chapter 5: The Heritage from the 1963–1968 Period. Marcelo Caetano and the Decision of Asking for Studies -- Chapter 6: The Technical and Political Discussion of the Escudo Zone Problems, and the Reform of 1971 -- Chapter 7: The results of the 1971 Reform of Escudo Monetary Zone Union. The Angolan and Moçambican Divergence -- Part III. The End of the Revised Escudo Monetary System -- Chapter 8: Decolonisation and Independence Agreements. Retornados and difficulties of the Banking System -- Chapter 9: The Genesis of the New Currency Units and Banking Systems in the Portuguese-Speaking African Countries. The Co-operation with Portugal -- Chapter 10: The End of the Escudo Zone Monetary Fund in 1980. The continuation of co-operation -- Part IV. Co-operation from Independences to the End of the Millenium -- Chapter 11: The New Currencies in the West-African Portuguese-Speaking Countries and the Portuguese Co-operation -- Chapter 12: The Angolan Kwanza and the Portuguese Co-operation -- Chapter 13: The Mozambican Metical and the Portuguese Co-operation -- Chapter 14: Final Remarks: Conclusions.

The second half of the 1940s and the 1950s was simultaneously the period of impact of the Marshall Plan on the Portuguese economy and the epoch of take-off of modern economic growth in Portugal. This process has been studied from a macroeconomic perspective, but not from a business point of view. This is the purpose of this paper, which examines the formation of new firms, and studies the scale, scope, performance, ownership, structure and strategy of a sample of the largest firms. It shows how the Marshall aid and the government commitment to promoting economic growth and sovereignty over a vast colonial empire led to cooperation with family firms through regulation, subsidies and planning. The related and unrelated diversified-business character of informal business groups escapes Chandler's model and his scale and scope economies, but succeeded in providing safety and mutual assistance among firms to face an increasingly competitive world. ; authorsversion ; published

Fish-canning industries are closely-linked to, and have an impact on environmental conditions, bringing great challenges to optimality. While entrepreneurship perspectives focus on the survival and profitability of firms, social utility perspectives focus on collective welfare and long-term sustainability. This paper illustrates the theoretical puzzle of the fish-canning industry in examining the historical experience of Portuguese public policies from the point of view of industrial economics and collective welfare.' (author's abstract)|"Fish-canning industries are closely-linked to, and have an impact on environmental conditions, bringing great challenges to optimality. While entrepreneurship perspectives focus on the survival and profitability of firms, social utility perspectives focus on collective welfare and long-term sustainability. This paper illustrates the theoretical puzzle of the fish-canning industry in examining the historical experience of Portuguese public policies from the point of view of industrial economics and collective welfare.

'Fish-canning industries are closely-linked to, and have an impact on environmental conditions, bringing great challenges to optimality. While entrepreneurship perspectives focus on the survival and profitability of firms, social utility perspectives focus on collective welfare and long-term sustainability. This paper illustrates the theoretical puzzle of the fish-canning industry in examining the historical experience of Portuguese public policies from the point of view of industrial economics and collective welfare.' (author's abstract)|

The history of economic thought remembers António Horta Osório for Schumpeter's reference to him in the History of Economic Analysis, in the context of a general appraisal of available works using mathematical instruments and language. This, however, does not do him justice, as he should also be praised for his pioneering interpretation of Pareto's general equilibrium. According to Stigler (1965), the definitive substitution of the cardinal utility hypothesis for the ordinal utility perspective was achieved by Johnson (1913) and Slutsky (1915). Weber (2001) discusses how far Pareto used cardinality, elects Slutsky (1915) as a pioneer of demand theory and prefers to reserve to R. G. Allen (1932–34), L. R. Klein and H. Rubin (1947–48), Samuelson (1947–48), R. C. Geary (1950–51), and Richard Stone (1954) the role of establishing ordinal utility in studying the utility function. This paper shows that Osório (1911) considered the subject of ordinalism before Johnson and Slutsky addressed the issue, as he had rejected the possibility of measuring utility and clearly stated that general equilibrium is not affected if cardinality is replaced by the ordinal conception for utility, according to Pareto's last formulation. Upon reading his book it becomes clear that not only was he perfectly aware of Edgeworth's contribution on the utility indifference curves, but also of Pareto's attempts to preserve general equilibrium from Fisher's criticism against cardinalism. Historians of economic thought have forgotten one of the early twentieth-century neoclassical economists. In this way the History of Economics has neglected an interesting proof of the consolidation of the Paretian ideas on ordinality, an issue that was an exciting and uncharted territory at that moment.

The paper presents both the institutional background and the government philosophy regarding equality and non-prejudice within all of the territories under Portuguese sovereignty in the 1940s and 1950s, as well as tests carried out to discover if the decision to marry and racial homogamy could be considered independent variables, using annual data from statistical yearbooks relating to the colonies. The conclusions demonstrate the existence of a social prejudice towards inter-racial marriage. The paper supports the belief that social divisions based on ethnicity must be included as part of the explanation for decolonization and independence. ; publishersversion ; published

This paper analyses the first attempt to introduce in Portugal economic studies based on a neoclassical approach. António Horta Osório wrote in 1910 a textbook, A Mathematica na economia pura [Mathematics in pure economics], in the context of an attempt to get a chair of Political Economy at the Lisbon Politechnical School. He failed to get the chair, and though the book was translated into French under the title Théorie mathématique de l'échange, and praised as a good elementary presentation of the basic framework of the general equilibrium theory of Leon Walras and Vilfredo Pareto, it had almost no effect on the Portuguese intellectual scene. Neoclassical economics would only become a standard paradigm in Portuguese universities in the 1940s. ; N/A

From a theoretical point of view, Portuguese economic thought of the 19th century developed from a crude liberal agrarism to the reception of the classical paradigm, and then to a theoretical ecletism of classicai, historical and even socialist views. From a practical and political point of view, however, free-trade and non-interventionist doctrines were soon superseded by protectionist and developmentist ideas, which dominated the scene from the 1830s till the First World War, and even beyond. The so-called liberal blueprint, its Regeneration implementing, and the so-called Republican blueprint were the main steps of this process, which even influenced the ideas and practice of the authoritarian regime that ruled Portugal from the 1920s till the 1970s. ; N/A

This paper analyzes the Portuguese short-run business cycles over the last 150 years and presents the multidimensional scaling (MDS) for visualizing the results. The analytical and numerical assessment of this long-run perspective reveals periods with close connections between the macroeconomic variables related to government accounts equilibrium, balance of payments equilibrium, and economic growth. The MDS method is adopted for a quantitative statistical analysis. In this way, similarity clusters of several historical periods emerge in the MDS maps, namely, in identifying similarities and dissimilarities that identify periods of prosperity and crises, growth, and stagnation. Such features are major aspects of collective national achievement, to which can be associated the impact of international problems such as the World Wars, the Great Depression, or the current global financial crisis, as well as national events in the context of broad political blueprints for the Portuguese society in the rising globalization process.