Suchergebnisse

From December 2019 onwards, the COVID-19 pandemic brought with it several health, social and economic issues, particularly associated with home confinement measures, lockdown, and fear of being infected or otherwise affected by the virus, or even die. As with everybody else, children and young people are experiencing a new reality. The question is how well, and how long will it take for recovery. Furthermore, what is the likely affective, social, academic and economic cost for this recovery. There are at least four psychosocial scenarios that must be separately analysed: children and young people with previous mental ill health that may be left unattended by health services; those who may have a first episode of mental ill health during home confinement and had no health care; those with psychosocial vulnerabilities that may be left under-monitored and exposed to undermining circumstances, and finally those that have faced a huge change in their routines and may have formed a relatively stable pessimistic outlook that affects their wellbeing. Social isolation and quarantine have precipitated a decrease in wellbeing and an increase in mental health problems and psychosocial vulnerabilities, plus a lowering of general capacity for health, education and social security care. Confined children and young people are separated from their usual social support, deprived of the personal freedom that they are used to, and see a comprehensive change in the usual life routine and lifestyle with an enormous change in physical, social, affective and even digital environments. All children and young people are in need of a monitoring system and of arrangements to promote social participation and engagement, that runs at the same time as their return to school. Mitigating negative mental health effects requires a concerted effort from the general population, policy makers, education and healthcare professionals. Moreover, international health and educational organisations have advised governments that this action would benefit by being proactive: meaning there is an urgent need to get ready immediately – being ready for the "day after", thinking ahead and being able to put together in the field and on time, an adequate nation-wide, participatory, multidisciplinary, mental health related set of interventions.

Este artigo pretende avaliar em que medida o uso de estratégias integradas de comunicação de marketing, que combinam os meios tradicionais (imprensa, rádio, televisão, outdoors, entre outros) e digitais (redes sociais, publicidade paga, entre outros), podem influenciar a imagem percebida dos residentes em relação à marca "Castelo Branco, Bordar e Receber". Para atingir aquele desiderato, foi usado um inquérito por questionário online para recolha de dados dos residentes do município de Castelo Branco, entre julho e agosto de 2021. Foram obtidas um total de 745 respostas, que foram depois estatisticamente analisadas. Os resultados apontam para um papel positivo da adoção de estratégias de marketing digital na formação da perceção da marca cidade analisada. O estudo indica, ainda, que os meios de comunicação tradicionais são complementares dos digitais, muito embora as ferramentas digitais orgânicas (website/newsletter) e inorgânicas (redes sociais), possam ser mais intensamente exploradas.

Health promotion is defined as the process of enabling people to increase control over and to enhance their health. It focuses on individual behaviors towards a wide range of interventions on social and environmental determinants of health and other health related aspects of life (WHO, 2015; 2017). Thus, health promotion implies the need to promote and empower people with resources and skills towards health and well-being (Saboga-Nunes, et al., 2019). The literature reports a negative variation in the lifestyle of university students, and simultaneously demonstrates a significant percentage of university students with a set of emotional, relational, anxiety and stress management difficulties (WHO, 2021, 2018). The need to curb behavioral tendencies harmful to the health of young university students comes justify the need for health promotion in the context of these institutions. This study aimed at analyzing the impact of university students' training, in the area of health promotion and of personal and socio-emotional skills. Participated 286 students. The results show that in addition to the skills worked during the training, the students' well-being and health also improved at the end of the training. The variables that evidenced to be the most important for the university students' health promotion were that they finished the training with more self-esteem, resilience, psychological well-being, self-efficacy, happiness and less instability and alienation. Regarding the pre and post evaluation comparisons about skills, importance and usefulness of HBSC/JUnP training, it was observed that both knowledge about health aspects and personal and socio-emotional skills, namely the resilience, self-regulation and problem-solving strategies had a strong positive impact on promoting the health and well-being of students. Higher education institutions present themselves as enhancers of public health, contributing to the students make healthy choices.
Keywords: health promotion, personal and socio-emotional skills, university students' training, healthy universities, Portugal

Practicing sexual intercourse (SI) under the influence of alcohol or drugs has been identified as an unhealthy sexual behaviour. The sample consisted of 5695 adolescents, of which 46.1% were males, with a mean age of 15 years old. The measures consisted of asking the adolescent if he or she had ever had SI, age of 1st SI, condom use at last SI, SI under the influence of alcohol or drugs and HIV testing. Most adolescents reported having never had SI (77.0%). Among those who responded affirmatively, they referred having had their 1st SI at 15 years old. A significant minority reported not having used condom at last SI (34.1%) and having had SI under the influence of alcohol or drugs (14.5%). It was noticeable that males, adolescents with high SES, those who reported not having used condom at last SI, those not having been HIV tested, those who consider themselves fat, smoke daily, and scored lower in emotional sensitivity and quality of life were those who were more likely to have reported having had SI under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Adolescents who reported having had SI under the influence of alcohol or drugs have multiple risk behaviours. These results may account for important changes in educational and health policies, directed towards the development of personal and social skills, the importance of adolescents' quality of life and the activation of all the support structures where adolescents are involved and that are somewhat responsible for promoting a healthy lifestyle.
Keywords: unhealthy sexual behaviour, sexual intercourse, substance use, Portuguese adolescents

Recently HIV is falling in a significant number of countries, partly due to the adoption of preventive behaviors, which demonstrates that decreasing sexual transmission of HIV is possible. The aim of this research was to analyze preventive sexual behavior in Portuguese adolescents, including information and attitudes about HIV/AIDS, and assessing whether they changed from 2002 to 2010. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire from the Portuguese sample of the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC), a collaborative WHO study. The study provided national representative data of 10587 Portuguese adolescents, randomly chosen from those attending 8th and 10th grades and the opportunity to examine trends in sexual behaviour on a national level. In terms of preventive behaviours, results showed an increasing trend regarding the percentage reporting first sexual intercourse at 14 years old or more and condom use at last sexual intercourse and a stabilized trend concerning having had sexual intercourse and contraceptive pill use. Nevertheless, in terms of information and attitudes about HIV/AIDS, results showed a systematic decreasing trend.
Key words: adolescents, attitudes, information, preventive behaviours, sex education.

The purpose of this study is to analyse the relation between risk and protective factor and substance use in adolescence, including tobacco use, drunkenness and consumption of illicit drugs.
The sample included 3494 students, mean age 15 years old, in the 8th and 10th grades from the public school system, of primary and secondary schools in Portugal. Data collection was held within the HBSC (Health Behavior in School-aged Children) survey from 2010. For the purpose of this specific study, the questionnaire includes questions about risk and protective behaviors and substance use, namely tobacco, drunkenness and illicit drug consumption.
Results confirmed that adolescents with higher levels of protective factors seem to consume fewer substances and adolescents who present higher levels of risk factors are more likely to consume all the substances in the study. There were statistically significant differences for the majority of risk and protective behaviours regarding tobacco, drunkenness and illicit drugs. Although risk factors have a higher impact on substance use, the existence of protective factors seems to fade such impact.
Key words: adolescence, risk and protective factors, substance use.

Le harcèlement entre pairs ne préoccupe la France que depuis une décennie, alors qu'il est décrit dans les pays scandinaves depuis les années 1980. Or ce phénomène n'est pas rare : 12,4 % des collégiens interrogés dans l'enquête HBSC en 2014 se déclarent victimes de brimades avérées à l'école, par messages ou commentaires sur les réseaux sociaux ou par photos. Le fait d'être victime de harcèlement est associé à l'altération de la santé mentale des collégiens dans le registre de l'internalisation (c'est-à-dire la somatisation du mal-être). En revanche, la santé mentale des harceleurs ne diffère pas de celle des collégiens non impliqués, toutes choses égales par ailleurs.

Self-harm behavior refers to the intentional self-destruction or alteration of body tissue without deliberate suicidal intent. Studies claimed self-harm as being associated to obsessive-compulsive characteristics and eating disorders, emotion-regulation functions when interpersonal distress occurs and physiological reactivity during a distressing task in association to social problem-solving deficits. Three national studies referring to young people will be presented. The main study's aim was to understand frequency of self-harm in Portuguese students and understanding the associations between self-harm and risk behaviors. A convenience sample of 206 was collected among high school and university students. The instrument used was a self-completed questionnaire: "Teens Self-Destructive Scale". A minority of self-harmers was found. Results suggested associations between self-harm, eating disorders and difficulties regarding self-regulation of emotions and that self-harm can be considered a non-adaptive and not successful personal strategy to manage emotions. Findings from the other two national studies will be referred. All together, these findings demonstrate the relevance of studies in this domain and helped producing guidelines in terms of therapeutic interventions. During the last decades, young people became more literate regarding health information and more aware of risk behaviors, but did not improve their literacy about emotions and how to deal with them. Are we in need for a "positive" approach to mental health promotion in young people?
Key words: protective factors, risk factors, self-harm, students.