Scholars have long recognized that interpersonal networks play a role in mobilizing social movements. Yet, many questions remain. This Element addresses these questions by theorizing about three dimensions of ties: emotionally strong or weak, movement insider or outsider, and ingroup or cross-cleavage. The survey data on the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests show that weak and cross-cleavage ties among outsiders enabled the movement to evolve from a small provocation into a massive national mobilization. In particular, the authors find that Black people mobilized one another through social media and spurred their non-Black friends to protest by sharing their personal encounters with racism. These results depart from the established literature regarding the civil rights movement that emphasizes strong, movement-internal, and racially homogenous ties. The networks that mobilize appear to have changed in the social media era. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
"Why did Rousseau fail-often so ridiculously or grotesquely-to live up to his own principles? In one of the most notorious cases of hypocrisy in intellectual history, this champion of the joys of domestic life immediately rid himself of each of his five children, placing them in an orphanage. Some less famous cases are comparably discrediting. He advocated profound devotion to republican civic life, and yet he habitually dodged opportunities for political engagement. This study is by no means meant to eliminate the gaps between Rousseau's normative teachings and his conduct. Even at his most aspirational, we will see several weaknesses and failures, some of them bizarre. As a whole, his life is a profoundly mixed affair, while his thought both emerged from it and radically transcended it. By pursuing the dialectic between his principles and his life, this book provides a kind of moral biography in view of his most controversial behaviors, as well as a preamble to future discussions of the spirit of his thought"--
This article identifies a military prison (carcer castrensis) in the Roman legionary fortress at Lambaesis (Tazoult, Algeria) and contextualizes the space among North African carceral practices evidenced in epigraphic, papyrological, and literary sources of the first through fourth centuries CE. The identification is made on the basis of architectural comparanda and previously unnoticed inscriptional evidence which demonstrate that the space under the Sanctuary of the Standards in the principia was both built as a prison and used that way in antiquity. The broader discussion highlights the ubiquity of carceral spaces and practices in the ancient and late ancient Mediterranean, and elucidates some of the underlying practices and ideologies of ancient incarceration.
Do digitally mediated weak-tie appeals to engage in connective action have the same effect everywhere? This study argues that the effect of weak-tie action appeals is contingent on citizenship norms and corresponding social network dynamics such that citizens in countries with higher levels of engaged norms are more likely to be motivated to endorse protest posts than those in countries with lower levels of engaged norms. To demonstrate this, I draw on an original cross-national survey experiment, the results of which show that digitally mediated weak-tie appeals to engage in protest have a more strongly positive effect on motivation to endorse the appeal among Koreans than Japanese respondents. Furthermore, the impact of weak-tie appeals exhibits considerable sensitivity to social network heterogeneity among Japanese respondents. The results of this study suggest that, although technology may in principle empower horizontal networks of citizens, its effect is contingent on norms of political behavior.
Garry Rodan, Participation Without Democracy: Containing Conflict in Southeast Asia (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2018), 281pp., ISBN: 9781501720109.
Hauptziel dieser Arbeit war eine systematische Bewertung der Konzentrationen und Schwankungsbreiten anorganischer Schadstoffe, die mit der Düngung in den Boden gelangen, sowie deren ökologischer Auswirkungen. Eine Vielzahl von Spurenelementen in organischen und mineralischen Düngern wurde untersucht. Es wurde eine Methode zur systematischen Priorisierung entwickelt, um die Konsequenzen des Eintrages von Spurenelementen für Umwelt und menschliche Gesundheit zu modellieren und zukünftige Problemfelder zu identifizieren und priorisieren. Die modellierten Ergebnisse wurden mithilfe von Monitoring-Datensätzen aus Untersuchungen von Böden, Grund- und Oberflächengewässern, See- und Flussmündungssedimenten validiert. Die daraus resultierende Rangfolge und dieser zugrundeliegende Informationen können von Politik, Ressourcenmanagement und Forschung zur Entscheidungsfindung und Allokation von Prioritäten genutzt werden. Folgende Ergebnisse wurden gewonnen: 1. Keine der Düngergruppen war frei von allen Schadstoffen. B, Cd, F, REE, und U in Mineraldüngern bzw. Cu und Zn in organischen Düngern waren die Elemente mit den höchsten Konzentrationen. 2. Die Monitoringdaten bestätigten die Brauchbarkeit des Modells zur Bewertung der von anorganischen Schadstoffen ausgehenden ökologischen Risiken. 3. Es wurde ein Mangel an risiko-basierten Richtlinien für das Management verschiedener Elemente fest gestellt, z.B. für F, U, B, REE, Zr. Folgende spezielle Auswirkungen für Neuseeland wurden fest gestellt: 1. F reicherte sich im Boden an. Hauptexpositionspfad ist die Aufnahme von Boden durch grasende Nutztiere. 2. U reicherte sich im Boden an oder wurde von Seesedimenten effektiv gebunden. Düngergaben erhöhen außerdem die Verfügbarkeit von nativem, im Boden stark gebundenem U, da sie die Verwitterung von Bodenmineralen verstärken. 3. Ein Großteil des applizierten Cd reicherte sich im Boden an, ein Teil wurde jedoch offenbar durch Pflanzenentzug oder Auswaschung ausgetragen. In Sedimenten aus Einzugsgebieten, die durch intensive Landwirtschaft charakterisiert sind, wurde Cd ebenfalls angereichert. 4. B war in Böden hoch mobil und akkumulierte in Flussmündungssedimenten. 5. Ag ist ein neu auftauchender diffuser Schadstoff. Erhöhte Ag-Konzentrationen wurden in Flussmündungssedimenten gefunden. 6. Algenblüten erhöhen den pH-Wert des Wassers, was zur Freisetzung einiger Elemente aus den Sedimenten führt. ; The main objective of this thesis was a systematic evaluation of range and quantity of elemental contaminants applied to land in fertilisers and their wider environmental impacts. An assessment of a wide range of trace elements in organic and mineral fertilisers was carried out. A systematic prioritisation methodology to model consequences to the environment and to human health from the application of trace elements was presented to help identify and prioritise future issues. The modelled results were validated against a synthesis of monitoring data from soil, ground and surface waters, and lake and estuarine sediments. The resulting rankings and the underpinning information can be used by policy makers, resource managers and researchers to guide decision making and allocation of priorities. The main findings were: 1. No single fertiliser group was free of all contaminants. B, Cd, F, REE, and U in mineral fertilisers and Cu and Zn in fertilisers made from organic materials were the elements most elevated. 2. The monitoring data validated the model's ability to assess the environmental risks of applied elemental contaminants. 3. There was a lack of risk-based guidelines to direct management of several elements, e.g. F, U, B, REE, Zr. Specific impacts for New Zealand included: 1. F accumulated in soil with the main exposure pathway being ingestion of soil by grazing animals. 2. U accumulated in soil or was effectively trapped in the lake sediments. Fertiliser additions also increase the availability of native, recalcitrant U through enhanced weathering of soil minerals. 3. Most applied Cd accumulated in soil but a proportion was lost and may be taken up by plants or leached. Sediments with catchments in intensive farming also accumulated Cd. 4. B was highly mobile in soils and accumulated in estuarine sediments. 5. Ag is an emerging diffuse contaminant and enhanced levels of Ag were found in estuarine sediments. 6. Algal blooms are increasing water pH leading to the release of some elements from sediment.
ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATIONApplied Health Diplomacy: Advancing the Science, Practice, and Tradecraft of Global Health Diplomacy to Facilitate More Effective Global Health ActionbyMatthew D. BrownDoctor of Philosophy in Public Health (Global Health)University of California, San Diego, 2016San Diego State University, 2016Professor Thomas E. Novotny, ChairGlobal Health Diplomacy (GHD) is a burgeoning field that bridges independent priorities in both global health and foreign affairs. Given the increasing need to mobilize the global community to respond to Public Health Emergencies of International Concern (PHEIC) such as Ebola or Zika, as well as forge new and expand existing collaborations to tackle public health challenges of mutual concern, effective and timely coordination and cooperation among actors is critical. Health Attachés are key diplomats who represent nation-states in these negotiations. Despite this diplomatic mandates, they are very few in numbers and little is published about this profession, preparation, and perspectives in field of GHD. Additionally, no institution has published a GHD core competency model to help standardize recruitment, training, and preparation of personnel changed with the practice of GHD, which can lead to confusion when trying to align actors and institutions to achieve effective global health action. Objectives: (1) Update definitions and practice models in GHD related to the development and practice of Health Attachés; (2) Create a GHD core competency model to address gaps in training for global public health, foreign affairs, and other professionals; and (3) Present a profile of practicing Health Attachés accredited to the United States and foreign governments.Methods: By synthesizing literature and definitions used in the field with an emphasis on practice, develop a framework for GHD and a tradecraft model for Health Attachés in the 21st Century (Chapter 2). Developed a core competency model for GHD by: (a) identifying core competency models from global public health and foreign affairs training institutions; (b) employing a priori word counts drawn from the foreign affairs literature, measure degrees of association and divergence between global public health and foreign affairs competency models; and (c) based on these comparisons, formulate an initial core competency model for GHD (Chapter 3). Utilize key informant interviews to qualitatively explore perspectives, preparation, best practices, and challenges in the field of GHD among Health Attachés accredited to the United States and foreign governments (Chapter 4). Results: In Chapter 2, we introduce a Pyramid of Global Health Diplomacy, presenting three levels of GHD practice: core, multi-stakeholder, and informal, each with associated actors, definitions, and tools; and a Tradecraft Model of Global Health Diplomacy and Health Attachés, to map relations among stakeholders, counterparts, and institutions. In Chapter 3, we propose a Global Health Diplomacy Core Competency Model illustrating foreign affairs institutions need additional knowledge, skills, and abilities in: (a) heath communication, (b) public health analysis, and (c) public health ethics; and global public health institutions need additional knowledge, skills, and abilities in: (a) leadership, (b) foreign languages, and (c) foreign policy goals, objectives, and strategies. In Chapter 4, Health Attachés identified skills in diplomacy and negotiation, applied science, and cross cultural competency critical for success, and providing expanded communication protocols on health plans and counterparts, while on-the-job training and mentored experiences for practitioners is important for future actors in the field. Conclusion: This dissertation provides needed advancements in the field of GHD, helping to advance the science, practice, and tradecraft of GHD. While models presented in this body of work need to be tested, evaluated, and refined with additional research, they serve as a collective practice framework for the field, to inform any profession or institutions who practices GHD. Additionally, findings may help professionalize the field of GHD, the practice of Health Attachés, and create a more effective bridge between the fields of foreign affairs and public health, by increasing cross-field competence, and fostering more effective global health action when maintaining, expanding, and initiating new global health collaborations.
Following the loss in 1712 of its previous monopoly over British trade with West Africa, the Royal African Company found itself unable to compete with smaller, lower-cost British slave traders and nearly collapsed entirely. Salvation seemed to arrive in 1720 in the person of James Brydges, the Duke of Chandos, who led a massive re-capitalization of the company and made the strategic decision to move its focus to the commodity trade between Europe and Africa and on the search for new botanical and mineral resources in Africa itself. While Chandos directed the RAC's employees in implementing this radical new scheme, he kept it secret from his fellow shareholders, leading them to believe that his plans were aimed at revitalizing the company's mature but declining line of business in the transatlantic slave trade. The Duke's strategy, however, proved overly ambitious and failed to reverse the company's decline.
