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The paper aims to analyse the impact of government debt on the country's economic growth. Beginningof the economic crisis in 2007 and rapid growth of government debt has attracted interest in this topic. Governmentdebt-to-GDP ratio in the EU has increased from 58.7 to 86.8 percent from 2007 till 2014 and opened a vast field fordiscussions – how economic growth is affected by this situation? Using panel data approaches, we find evidence thatin short-run increasing government debt has uniform negative impact on economic growth in all EU Member Statesbut in the long-run negative impact is only in those that do not match Maastricht criterion. ; Artykuł ma na celu przeanalizowanie wpływu długu publicznego na wzrost gospodarczy danego kraju. Zainteresowanie tym tematem wzrosło znacząco po rozpoczęciu kryzysu ekonomicznego w 2007 oraz związanym z tym gwałtownym podniesieniem poziomu zadłużenia rządów. W okresie od 2007 do 2014 roku wskaźnik długu publicznego do PKB w Unii Europejskiej wzrósł z 58,7 do 86,8%, co otworzyło szerokie pole do dyskusji – czy ta sytuacja oddziałuje na wzrost gospodarczy? Wykorzystując podejście oparte na danych panelowych, autorzy artykułu znaleźli dowód na to, że w krótkim okresie rosnący dług publiczny ma stały negatywny wpływ na wzrostgospodarczy we wszystkich krajach członkowskich Unii Europejskiej, natomiast w długim okresie negatywny wpływ występuje tylko w tych krajach, które nie spełniają kryteriów z Maastricht.

The paper aims to analyse the impact of government debt on the country's economic growth. Beginning of the economic crisis in 2007 and rapid growth of government debt has attracted interest in this topic. Government debt-to-GDP ratio in the EU has increased from 58.7 to 86.8 percent from 2007 till 2014 and opened a vast field for discussions - how economic growth is affected by this situation? Using panel data approaches, we find evidence that in short-run increasing government debt has uniform negative impact on economic growth in all EU Member States but in the long-run negative impact is only in those that do not match Maastricht criterion.

Migration is part of integration into the global economy processes and a consequence of it. Analysis of scientific research showed that a negative approach to migration as brain drain, loss of skilled population, etc. has changed. Scientists, politicians and the public have come to the understanding that, under the conditions of the global economy, migration contributes to the country's economic and scientific development, increases work experience and adds to the growth of remittances. Recently the importance of remittances as part of economic processes in the country has been analysed by a great number of researchers worldwide but empirical studies conducted in various countries are different. The paper raises the following problem questions: How does emigrants' behaviour with remittances depend on their social, demographic, occupational characteristics? How do emigrants use remittances in their in home country? A survey of emigrants was conducted and data on their socio-demographic characteristics, behaviour with remittances, their use in the home country were gathered. The methods of statistical data analysis, descriptive statistics, data grouping, frequency analysis were used, the hypothesis was tested in the chi-square test. Analysis of study results showed that social, demographic, occupational characteristics of emigrants, country characteristics and the analysed period affected emigrants' behaviour with and use of remittances in the home country. [.]

Migration is part of integration into the global economy processes and a consequence of it. Analysis of scientific research showed that a negative approach to migration as brain drain, loss of skilled population, etc. has changed. Scientists, politicians and the public have come to the understanding that, under the conditions of the global economy, migration contributes to the country's economic and scientific development, increases work experience and adds to the growth of remittances. Recently the importance of remittances as part of economic processes in the country has been analysed by a great number of researchers worldwide but empirical studies conducted in various countries are different. The paper raises the following problem questions: How does emigrants' behaviour with remittances depend on their social, demographic, occupational characteristics? How do emigrants use remittances in their in home country? A survey of emigrants was conducted and data on their socio-demographic characteristics, behaviour with remittances, their use in the home country were gathered. The methods of statistical data analysis, descriptive statistics, data grouping, frequency analysis were used, the hypothesis was tested in the chi-square test. Analysis of study results showed that social, demographic, occupational characteristics of emigrants, country characteristics and the analysed period affected emigrants' behaviour with and use of remittances in the home country. [.]

Many countries face the challenge of ensuring equal opportunities for all citizens, irrespective of where they reside. These problems cannot be solved without an evaluation of social, territorial, and economic disparities. It is important to understand the causes and nature of this process, because even small differences in economic growth among regions, accumulated over a long period, may lead to considerable disparities in living standards in different parts of the same country. These differences have negative impact on further economic growth and contribute to economic, social and political tensions between regions, which in turn lead to an inefficient spatial allocation and use of resources. This has led that European economic integration which began in the fifties of the last century was always accompanied by the idea of social cohesion. While developing cohesion programs the evaluation of economic disparities between regions has become particularly relevant and regional economic convergence became the main principle of regional policy. EU regional policy can be considered successful if the disparities between the regions decrease, but studies dealing with the convergence / divergence matter do not provide definitive conclusions. Evaluation of regional economic convergence process primarily highlights the problem of definition of the region, whereas the term, depending on the context in which it is used, acquires a different meaning. The criteria to define the concept of the region range between two extremes – the normative and functional. The studies on the regions of the EU member states most commonly use administrative regions which are defined according to the nomenclature of territorial statistical units. According to the review of researches on regional convergence in the EU it can be stated that despite a few exceptions analyses focus on NUTS2 (less commonly NUTS1) level regions. [.]

Many countries face the challenge of ensuring equal opportunities for all citizens, irrespective of where they reside. These problems cannot be solved without an evaluation of social, territorial, and economic disparities. It is important to understand the causes and nature of this process, because even small differences in economic growth among regions, accumulated over a long period, may lead to considerable disparities in living standards in different parts of the same country. These differences have negative impact on further economic growth and contribute to economic, social and political tensions between regions, which in turn lead to an inefficient spatial allocation and use of resources. This has led that European economic integration which began in the fifties of the last century was always accompanied by the idea of social cohesion. While developing cohesion programs the evaluation of economic disparities between regions has become particularly relevant and regional economic convergence became the main principle of regional policy. EU regional policy can be considered successful if the disparities between the regions decrease, but studies dealing with the convergence / divergence matter do not provide definitive conclusions. Evaluation of regional economic convergence process primarily highlights the problem of definition of the region, whereas the term, depending on the context in which it is used, acquires a different meaning. The criteria to define the concept of the region range between two extremes – the normative and functional. The studies on the regions of the EU member states most commonly use administrative regions which are defined according to the nomenclature of territorial statistical units. According to the review of researches on regional convergence in the EU it can be stated that despite a few exceptions analyses focus on NUTS2 (less commonly NUTS1) level regions. [.]

The EU enlargement in 2004 and 2007 affected old and new members of the union differently. The processes changed the scale, structure and directions of international migration. According to official statistics the EU has about 30.8 million migrants, representing about 6.2 percent of the total population. There are different types of migration in the union: from economic migrants to asylum seekers or refugees. More than half of them are the working- age population. That influences changes in population and labour supply of the countries – changes occur in the number and structure of labour force, number of taxpayers and social security contributors, etc. About 33% of migration is movement in­side the EU countries.[.]

The EU enlargement in 2004 and 2007 affected old and new members of the union differently. The processes changed the scale, structure and directions of international migration. According to official statistics the EU has about 30.8 million migrants, representing about 6.2 percent of the total population. There are different types of migration in the union: from economic migrants to asylum seekers or refugees. More than half of them are the working- age population. That influences changes in population and labour supply of the countries – changes occur in the number and structure of labour force, number of taxpayers and social security contributors, etc. About 33% of migration is movement in­side the EU countries.[.]

Through Lithuania's integration into the global economy, there is an opportunity to promote positive economic, financial, cultural, intellectual development leading to the country's economic growth. On the other hand, the integration also encourages negative effects, including: increasing emigration, loss of investments that have been made in preparation of professionals, changes in local labour force, negative changes in the demographic structure, decreasing state revenues and increasing tax burden on the remaining population, and ultimately the country's loss of competitiveness because of the loss of skilled labour. The emigration issue is relevant in Lithuania, because of the large scale emigration that is a threat to social and economic stability. According to a variety of assessments, about 300 thousand inhabitants emigrated from Lithuania during the years of independence. This scale of Lithuanians' emigration has to be considered to be one of the most serious threats to the country's demographic development, economic growth and the preservation of cultural identity. Labour force emigration is influenced by many different types of factors. They can be grouped according to different criteria, depending on the research aim. Overall, among the causes of emigration, economic, political, ideological, racial, ethnic and other are often identified. Much attention is paid to the research into the emigration causes, because after finding the reasons that encourage people to migrate, concrete measures can be taken to regulate this process. [.]

The topic of regional economic growth was relevant to the various schools of economic theory during the last sixty years. Topics previously interesting only to economists, in the recent years are extensively analysed by social scientists, politics and other social science researchers. This interest in regional economic growth is partly attributable to the recognition that the national economic development depends on the natural factors with a spatial dimension, and the market itself does not guarantee sustainable development. During the last decade regional economic researches were reviving with the interest in the mechanisms supporting knowledge and its embodiment in human capital as a factor of production growth and distribution. Terms such as knowledge-based economy, learning economies, have become classics of regional studies that are increasing in number. Researchers' interest in and development programs on this matter and impact of higher education institutions on the regions were influenced by the change of economic conditions at the regional and international level. Researches have shown that economic development depends not only on capital, but also on the ability to use capital efficiently, and long-term regional growth strategy should be based on human capital accumulation and development. It was understood that economic growth should encourage and give impetus to the regions, rather than permanent shocks from the outside. Institutions responsible for national and regional economic development are interested in developing strategies to encourage the creation of a knowledge economy. [.]

Through Lithuania's integration into the global economy, there is an opportunity to promote positive economic, financial, cultural, intellectual development leading to the country's economic growth. On the other hand, the integration also encourages negative effects, including: increasing emigration, loss of investments that have been made in preparation of professionals, changes in local labour force, negative changes in the demographic structure, decreasing state revenues and increasing tax burden on the remaining population, and ultimately the country's loss of competitiveness because of the loss of skilled labour. The emigration issue is relevant in Lithuania, because of the large scale emigration that is a threat to social and economic stability. According to a variety of assessments, about 300 thousand inhabitants emigrated from Lithuania during the years of independence. This scale of Lithuanians' emigration has to be considered to be one of the most serious threats to the country's demographic development, economic growth and the preservation of cultural identity. Labour force emigration is influenced by many different types of factors. They can be grouped according to different criteria, depending on the research aim. Overall, among the causes of emigration, economic, political, ideological, racial, ethnic and other are often identified. Much attention is paid to the research into the emigration causes, because after finding the reasons that encourage people to migrate, concrete measures can be taken to regulate this process. [.]

The topic of regional economic growth was relevant to the various schools of economic theory during the last sixty years. Topics previously interesting only to economists, in the recent years are extensively analysed by social scientists, politics and other social science researchers. This interest in regional economic growth is partly attributable to the recognition that the national economic development depends on the natural factors with a spatial dimension, and the market itself does not guarantee sustainable development. During the last decade regional economic researches were reviving with the interest in the mechanisms supporting knowledge and its embodiment in human capital as a factor of production growth and distribution. Terms such as knowledge-based economy, learning economies, have become classics of regional studies that are increasing in number. Researchers' interest in and development programs on this matter and impact of higher education institutions on the regions were influenced by the change of economic conditions at the regional and international level. Researches have shown that economic development depends not only on capital, but also on the ability to use capital efficiently, and long-term regional growth strategy should be based on human capital accumulation and development. It was understood that economic growth should encourage and give impetus to the regions, rather than permanent shocks from the outside. Institutions responsible for national and regional economic development are interested in developing strategies to encourage the creation of a knowledge economy. [.]

In this research, we investigate the impact of human capital on labour productivity in European Union member states using panel data analysis. Results of the paper are estimated using the Pooled ordinary least squares (OLS) and Fixed effects model (FEM). The results show that human capital is positively significant in improving the growth of labour productivity in the EU. Our estimates also suggest that the impact occurs after three times lags in case of education expenditure.

In this research, we investigate the impact of human capital on labour productivity in European Union member states using panel data analysis. Results of the paper are estimated using the Pooled ordinary least squares (OLS) and Fixed effects model (FEM). The results show that human capital is positively significant in improving the growth of labour productivity in the EU. Our estimates also suggest that the impact occurs after three times lags in case of education expenditure.

The paper aims to evaluate the impact of aging labour force on productivity, measured as a GDP per person employed and total factor productivity (TFP), in the European Union (EU) countries based on models developed by Calvo-Sotomayor et al. (2019), Poplawski-Ribeiro (2020), Feyrer (2008), and Aiyar and Ebeke (2016). We combine different research methods to address previous criticism and use the most recent data to compare our results with previous trends and draw conclusions about the impact of an aging labour force on productivity. Measuring productivity as a GDP per person employed, the study finds that the aging labour force has a negative and statistically significant effect, which differs between the EU-15 and EU-13 countries, on productivity. Our evidence is not entirely robust since the negative effect of aging labour force on productivity measured as TFP was not statistically significant.