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chapter Introduction: economic crises in the contemporary history of Russia -- part Part I Crises and revolutions -- chapter 1 A breakdown in continuity: key aspects of a revolutionary transformation -- chapter 2 Post-communist Russia: characteristics of the revolutionary transformations -- part Part II The 1998 crisis in Russia -- chapter 3 The background of the 1998 Financial crisis in Russia -- chapter 4 The chronicle of the Financial crisis -- chapter 5 The political nature of the financial crisis -- chapter 6 Anti-crisis policies -- chapter 7 Results of the 1998 financial crisis -- part Part III Challenges of the global crisis -- chapter 8 Global crisis: historical context and trends of economic development -- chapter 9 Anti-crisis: labels, fears, traps -- chapter 10 In quest of a new economic model -- part Part IV Global crisis in Russia -- chapter 11 The drama of 2008: from an economic miracle to an economic crisis -- chapter 12 Economic policy of 2009: between crisis and modernization -- chapter 13 Economic policy of 2010: in search of innovations -- chapter 14 Economic policy of 2011: the global crisis and the search for a new growth model -- chapter 15 Economic policy of 2012: between modernization and stagnation -- chapter 16 Economic policy of 2013: reconstruction or acceleration? -- chapter 17 Economic policy of 2014: a new frontier and old challenges -- chapter 18 Economic policy of 2015: sanctions and anti-crisis agenda -- chapter 19 New economic reality: lessons of stabilization and prospects of growth.

The article deals with social and economic trends of the global and Russian economies under current pandemic challenges. The key characteristics of 2021 were the recovery economic growth along with a corresponding increase in employment, the shift to global inflation, a growing role of the state in economic development, accelerated digitalization of social and economic life, the climate change agenda. Special attention is paid to Russian economic trends and economic policy of the government, short- and long-term challenges, as well as forthcoming risks of economic performance.

The paper deals with social and economic consequences of COVID-19 in the context of long-term trends of economic development. The current crisis is compared with economic and war cataclysms of 20th—21st centuries. Special attention is paid to types of anti-crisis policies as well as to relations between anti-crisis (short-term) and modernization (medium-term) challenges. The paper discusses the influence of pandemic on budget and monetary policies, trends of globalization, and new approaches to government regulation of economic development.

The paper deals with the global and national trends of economic and social development at the final stage of the global structural crisis. Special attention is paid to intellectual challenges economists will face with in the post-crisis world: prospects of growth without inflation, new global currencies and the role of cryptocurrencies, central banks independence and their role in economic growth stimulation, new tasks and patterns of government regulation, inequality and growth. Special features of Russian post-crisis development are also under consideration. Among them: prospects of macroeconomic support of growth, inflation targeting, new fiscal rule, social dynamics and new challenges to welfare state. The paper concludes that the main obstacles for economic growth in Russia are concentrated in the non-economic area.

Economic growth is the key challenge at the political agenda of the leading countries including Russia. This papers discusses existing hypotheses of "secular stagnation" and "productivity paradox" - demand side problems (cyclical factors); special features of technological innovations (technological factors); anti-crisis policy preventing "creative destruction" (political factors); irrelevance of GDP measurement (statistical problems). Limits of growth contribute to a new global policy trend - emerging of populism, and the paper discusses the prospects of transformation of political populism to economic one. Global challenges provide the basis for further analysis of Russian economic development, and particularly the results of 2015-2016 anti-crisis policy, which helped the national economy to adapt to new economic realities of the post-crisis world.

The paper deals with 2015 trends and challenges for social and economic policy in the nearest future. The analysis of global crisis includes: uneven developments in the leading advanced and emerging economies; new models of economic growth which look differently in different countries; prospects of globalization and challenges of 'regional globalization'; currency configurations of the future; energy prices dynamics and its influence on political and economic prospects of particular states. Current challenges are discussed in the context of previous 30 years. Among the main topics on Russia, there are approaches to a new growth model, structural transformation (including import substitution issues), economic dynamics, budget and monetary outlines, social issues. The priorities of economic policy are also considered.

The paper deals with the roots and features of current Russian economic problems as a combination of structural and institutional crises, cyclical and external shocks. Mobilization and liberalization are discussed as two key economic policy alternatives. The analysis includes historical retrospection which provides some important lessons from economic development in the 20th century. Special attention is paid to the desirable policy to stimulate economic growth.

The paper deals with Russian social and economic development in 2013 and prospects for the next year or two. The author discusses the logic and trends of the global crisis started in 2008. This is the basis for further analysis of current Russian economic performance with special emphasis on the problem of growth rates deceleration. Special attention is paid to economic risks and priorities of economic policy.

The paper deals with the trends in the world and Russian economies towards development of a new post-crisis system, including technological and structural transformation. Three main scenarios of Russian economic development (conservative, innovation and acceleration) are discussed basing on historical analysis of Russian economic performance since 1970-s when oil boom started. On this basis key challenges of economic policy in 2013 are discussed.

Education, healthcare and pension system are the key sources of modern economic growth. They need profound transformation based on post-industrial challenges. The new principles of transformation of these sectors include individualization of services, their privatization (a rising role of private spending), life-long demand for them, globalization (international competition), and development of radically new technologies to provide them.

The article reveals two factors which determined social and economic development of Russia in 2011: future elections and the global economic crisis. Relative sustainability of the Russian economy is noted. Still, macroeconomic stability remains fragile. Principal features of the global economic crisis are considered: its structural and systemic character. The specifics of Russian economic policy is analyzed. A new model of growth is proposed that is based on supply-side economics, its key elements are studied. Recent political changes in the Russian society are analyzed as well as their influence on economic dynamics. The necessity of complex modernization in Russia is stressed.

The article considers basic trends in economic policy in 2010. Certain revival of economic growth is noted, but it does not mean the end of the crisis. Directions of anti-recessionary policy are revealed. The most important problems of Russian economic policy in 2010 are characterized. The necessity of searching for a new model of growth with an accent on structural modernization is stressed as well as minimizing resource dependence.

The paper discusses Russian economic policy under the 2009 global crisis and traces lessons to be learned by Russian policy makers. Special attention is paid to the priorities of economic policy through 2010 as well as to important risks for sustainable development in the foreseeable future. The world has entered the "turbulent decade" when deep structural reforms are to be implemented.

The paper discusses economic and political modernization under Alexander II and Alexander III. Special attention is paid to economic modernization under conservative political regime as well as to the influence of the 19th century economic policy and economic debates on the industrialization policy in the 20th century.