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This book presents the first scholarly study of the contribution of canals to Britain's industrial revolution. Although the achievements of canal engineers remain central to popular understandings of industrialisation, historians have been surprisingly reticent to analyse the full scope of the connections between canals, transport and the first industrial revolution. Focusing on Manchester, Britain's major centre of both industrial and transport innovation, it shows that canals were at the heart of the self-styled Cottonopolis. not only did canals move the key commodities of Manchester's industrial revolution - coal, corn, and cotton - but canal banks also provided the key sites for the factories that made Manchester the 'shock city' of the early Victorian age. This book will become essential reading for historians and students interested in the industrial revolution, transport, and the unique history of Manchester, the world's first industrial city

The importance of overseas trade to England's national wealth and international reputation in the eighteenth century amplified the public discourse on the social value of merchants. Contemporary conduct books described a hierarchical occupational structure, where merchants enjoyed the highest prestige within the business community, with tradesmen and manufacturers performing distinct and progressively less valued professional functions. These conduct books focused on London, England's premier port and the beating heart of Europe's commodity and financial markets. Historians have also given much attention to London but have equally demonstrated the importance of merchants in the 'outports', whose participation in England's foreign trade engendered significant wealth, status and political influence. This article considers a different type of eighteenth-century merchant, one based within English manufacturing regions, and one that has been largely overlooked in the historiography, not least because their businesses elided the separation of production and mercantile activities espoused by contemporary didacts. Focusing on Manchester, the article demonstrates that the town's 'Great Oaks' challenged London's commercial hegemony in a distinctive way, seeking not to replicate outport merchants' entrepreneurial verve in risky, multilateral trades, but specialising, as both manufacturers and merchants, in exporting to commercially developed markets, where the ability to supply a precise assortment of locally produced textiles was more important than the capacity to sell imports or to provide financial services to overseas clients. Although little studied, provincial merchant communities were a general feature of the more dynamic English manufacturing regions in the years immediately before, and during the onset of, industrialisation.

This article uses American merchants' papers to identify the leading English textile exporters to New York and Philadelphia (1750–1805). It shows that Yorkshire and Lancashire took the initiative from London after 1783. The north's ascendancy stemmed from refinements to a well‐functioning trading system rather than from the creation of wholly new channels of trade. The emergent exporters of Leeds and Manchester were driven as much by the dictates of sales as of manufacturing; their factory investments were just one component of a series of connections with production. American importers retained their role as intermediaries between English exporters and backcountry retailers.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is an emerging technology for attraction of researchers with its research challenges and various application domains. Today, WSN applications can be used in environmental detection, Monitoring system, medical system, military and industrial monitoring for ability to transform human life in various aspects. Depending on applications used for WSNs, security is the biggest challenges in WSNs and security aspect is essential for WSNs before designing WSNs. The routing protocols for WSNs need security services for transmission exact and secure data to the users through the network. LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) is a routing protocol used in WSNs by arranging sensor nodes into clusters. Every sensor cluster is managed by a Cluster Head (CH) during the network operation such as routing and data aggregation from Cluster Member (CM). Therefore, security and authentication is necessary between CH and CM. However, LEACH is lack of security. This paper presents integration of security and authentication between CH and CM on LEACH routing protocol. For the implementation of this integration, NS-2 simulation software is used and it is necessary to combine security agent into NS-2 tool for WSN. But currently, NS-2 does not support these features. Therefore, the main aim of this paper is to develop security and authentication agent into NS-2 and LEACH protocol for WSNs with the simulation results.

In the past decades, stricter legislation has been imposed to improve fuel economy and to reduce tail-end emissions of automotive vehicles worldwide. One of the important and effective technologies adopted by the automobile manufacturers to fulfill legislation requirements is the turbocharger technology. As unavoidable large temperature gradients exists in an automotive turbocharger, heat transfer is prominent. However, the effects of heat loss on the turbocharger turbine performance is unclear, i.e. there is no consensus about its effects among researchers. Therefore, the objective of the licentiate thesis is to investigate the effects of heat transfer on an automotive turbocharger radial turbine performance. Furthermore, the thesis also aims to quantify the heat transfer related losses in a turbocharger turbine. Both gas stand (continuous flow) and engine-like (pulsating flow) conditions are considered. By using Detached Eddy Simulation (DES), the flow field of the targeted turbocharger turbine is computed under adiabatic and non-adiabatic conditions. Energy balance and exergy concept are then applied to the simulations data to study the effects of heat loss on performance and to quantify the heat transfer related losses. The main findings of the licentiate thesis are 1) Pressure ratio drop in turbine is less sensitive to heat loss as compared with turbine power. Hence there is a risk of making wrong conclusions about the heat transfer effects on the turbine performance by just comparing the measured pressure ratio under adiabatic and non-adiabatic scenarios; 2) It is possible to quantify heat transfer related losses in a turbocharger turbine. This quantification allows understanding on how well the turbine system utilizes the available energy, and assisting identification of the system component that is sensitive to heat transfer; 3) Heat loss has insignificant effect on turbine power under the investigated engine-like pulsating flow condition; and 4) Even under unavoidable non-adiabatic conditions, much of ...

This project will discuss ways to strengthen the Christian discipleship of Kachin youth. The Kachins became Christians through American missionaries during the British colonization of present-day Myanmar (Burma). Soon after independence, the Kachins were called the followers of a colonial religion and lost their opportunity for advancement in a mainly Buddhist country. In 1962, the Burmese version of a socialist government came to power and closed the country's door to the outside world. Conflict started due to unjust and unequal power sharing among ethnic people. When war began, the Kachins were still in the early stages of Christianity, modern education, and social development. After fifty years of suffering, Kachin youth and the future society of all Kachins are now threatened. There are three parts to this paper. To give a full picture of the current ministry context, the first part presents the historical, social, political, and religious background of Kachin society. The second part discusses a biblical and theological response to the current issues of Kachin youth and the role of the Kachin Baptist Convention in Kachin society. This part also examines how Kachin youth understand Christian spirituality and Christian discipleship in their struggle. Ultimately, it offers a practical contextual theology. Since 98 percent of Kachins are Christians, in order to build hope for the future of Kachin society it is important to strengthen the Christian discipleship of Kachin youth, so that they will be able to overcome current obstacles. For this reason, the third part offers practical youth ministry programs to transform and empower Kachin young people. To build hope, Kachin Baptist churches must start both a spiritual and social ministry to strengthen youth spiritually, educationally, and professionally for their stable and successful life in Christ. Content Reader: Chap Clark, PhD