Emissions of particle matter, heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) cause health issues to humans and other organisms. Air pollution is also linked to climate change and global warming. Reducing air pollution emissions is thus pivotal to the Nordic countries in many aspects. However, mitigation actions on greenhouse gas emissions may lead to increased air pollution emissions. Balanced political decisions to curb both greenhouse gas emissions and emissions of air pollution are thus essential to the Nordic countries. The foundation for making well-informed decisions on policies and measures are accurate and well-founded national emission inventories. This policy brief summarizes a Nordic collaboration to improve the knowledge base of the Nordics national emission inventories on heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants.
Within the current project, several national emission factors for shipping and recreational boats have been reviewed. Revised factors have been proposed for the historic years 1990-2015 and for some parameters also the future years 2016-2035. Many of the present emission factors that are used within the shipping and recreational boat sectors for the Swedish emission inventory were last reviewed and updated more than ten years ago. Since then, more measurement and analysis data have become available and abatement technologies have been installed, as well as further, new legislation has and will come into force that can serve as a basis to update some emission factors. In addition, technology development and fuel changes during the last ten years have in many cases affected emission levels, which needs to be reflected in the Swedish air emission reporting. The revised emission factors are in general higher in earlier years than those presently used. For recent years, emission factors are in general close to the present ones, and for projected years they drop further. However, there are large differences between the parameters, for example ammonia (NH3) in shipping will rise in the future due to increased use of SCR. The total revised emissions are in general in line with the present, for some substances there are considerable differences, especially for earlier years (e.g. 1990-2000). The revised and present emissions tend to be more similar for recent and present years. ; I detta projekt har ett stort antal emissionsfaktorer för sjöfart (shipping) och småbåtar (recreational boats) utvärderats och nya uppdaterade emissionsfaktorer har tagits fram. De uppdaterade emissionsfaktorerna omfattar även en översyn tillbaka i tiden till år 1990 och för vissa parametrar även prognos till år 2035. Många av de nuvarande emissionsfaktorerna som används inom sjöfart och för småbåtar uppdaterades för över tio år sedan. Sedan dess har fler mätningar och utredningar utförts av fartygsemissioner och fartygsteknik, samt mer luftreningsteknik på fartyg har installerats. Även ny lagstiftning kommer att komma eller har redan trätt i kraft som kan tjäna som grund för uppdateringen, i synnerhet för prognoser. Dessutom har teknikutveckling och bränsleförändringar under de senaste tio åren påverkat utsläppen, vilket behöver återspeglas i den svenska rapporteringen av utsläpp till luft. De uppdaterade emissionsfaktorerna är generellt högre än de nuvarande för tidigare år, för att sedan sjunka under de nuvarande i nutid och generellt fortsätta sjunka i prognoserna. Stora variationer förekommer emellertid mellan parametrar, t.ex. emissionerna av ammoniak (NH3) från sjöfarten kommer att öka till följd av antagen ökad användning av SCR-rening. De totala emissionerna är i allmänhet i nivå med de nuvarande, för vissa parametrar finns betydande skillnader, särskilt för tidigare år (1990-2000). De uppdaterade och nuvarande emissionerna tenderar att bli mer lika ju närmare nutid man kommer.
Ever since the Protocol on PRTR was introduced, the purpose of the Protocol has been to make information on emissions from the industry available to the public, and to try to popularize and communicate existing emissions data. Recently, the EU Commission described its work towards an increased use of PRTR data for policy making and for the public, and the EEA has, in its plan for 2014-2018, expressed the ambition to develop indicators regarding industrial emissions. In Sweden, the Environmental Protection Agency is working with issues regarding the PRTR, and also here public availability of emission data from the PRTR is emphasized and also the need to develop indicators that are based on PRTR data and that relates to the Swedish environmental objective A Non-Toxic Environment. The present project is based on these ambitions and presents a list of potential indicators that are mostly based on PRTR data. The aim with the project has not been to retrieve data for the indicators, but to give suggestions on which indicators that would be interesting to develop.
As a part of a bilateral project between the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and Hungary - in particular the Ministry for Innovation and Technology - IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute has contributed a summary of European best practices regarding four European countries climate policy frameworks. The case studies comprise Sweden, the UK, Denmark, the Netherlands and Germany, and are focused on the countries' systems for tracking of progress and the processes leading up the climate policy framework. Information on the different countries' climate policy framework was primarily collected from Biennial Reports and National Communications, as well as official governmental web pages and legal texts. In addition, digital interviews were conducted with representatives from each of the countries, with knowledge of the process of implementing the policy framework of their country. ; Som en del i ett bilateralt projekt mellan Naturvårdsverket och Ungern, framför allt Innovations- och Teknologiministeriet, har IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet bidragit med en sammanfattning av goda exempel på klimatpolitiska ramverk i Europa. Studien innefattar Sverige, Storbritannien, Danmark, Nederländerna och Tyskland och fokuserar på ländernas system för uppföljning av utvecklingen och processen som har lett till de klimatpolitiska ramverken. Information om ländernas klimatpolitiska ramverk har främst hämtats från Tvåårsrapporter och Nationalrapporter samt regeringarnas officiella webbsidor och lagtexter. Digitala intervjuer har också hållits med representanter från samtliga länder som har haft kunskap om implementeringen av de klimatpolitiska ramverken i landet.
A number of measures to abate emissions of SLCPs are, to varying degrees, already in place in the Nordic countries. National emission projections, taking existing legislation and measures into account, show that total emissions of black carbon (BC) and methane (CH4) are expected to decrease to 2030. In the future, residential biomass combustion and transport will be important sources of BC, as will agriculture and waste management for CH4-emissions. The objective in this part of the project was to identify efficient additional measures to reduce emissions of SLCPs beyond the current emission projections. The assessment primarily covers BC and CH4, but as BC is part of emitted particulate matter (PM2.5) and many measures are focusing on PM2.5, reduction of PM2.5 emissions is also included in the analysis. Both technical measures, such as filters or improved technologies, and non-technical measures, such as promoting behavioural changes favouring reduced emissions are discussed in this report. A combined SLCP analysis using the GAINS model (and based on the ECLIPSE project results for the Nordic countries) was carried out and additional technical measures for reduced SLCP emissions in the individual Nordic countries were assessed. The analysis shows that in order to reach the modelled technical emission reduction potential for black carbon, measures within the residential wood combustion sector should be prioritized. Among the efficient technical measures are replacement of older boilers and heating stoves with new appliances, installation of ESP (electrostatic precipitator) and high-efficiency dedusters, and fuel switch from wood logs to pellets. According to the model results, these measures would provide the highest reduction potential for BC for Denmark, Finland and Sweden, while for Norway good practice in flaring in oil and gas industries has the highest reduction potential. In Iceland the introduction of EUR 6/VI on 100% of road diesel transport is most important. ; A number of measures to abate emissions of SLCPs are, to varying degrees, already in place in the Nordic countries. This report presents the results from the third task in the project, an assessment of efficient measures to abate SLCP emissions in the Nordic countries.
In order to be able to classify products and materials that you want to map or affect using policy instruments, they need to be clearly defined. The Combined Nomenclature (CN) is used by companies in all EU Member States to declare products for import and export. The CN code has an eight-digit level of detail and is based on the Harmonized System (HS) which is designed by the World Customs Organization (WCO) and used to describe trade statistics in several countries within and outside Europe. The purpose of this project was to create a desired structure, where the mapping of plastic products becomes as simple and clear as possible and then identify which CN codes need to be improved to give authorities and other actors a better opportunity to continuously map plastic flows and see changes over time. Lastly, the project would produce suggested changes and include these with relevant Nordic and European parties before submitting them to the HS-Committee in order to enable better mapping of plastic products in Sweden and the EU. The process of changing CN codes has been documented in a separate memorandum to preserve knowledge and experience for future proposed changes. The project resulted in six types of suggested changes that affect Flexible Intermediate Bulk Container (FIBC), insulation, seals, moldings, and roofing sheets for building and construction, tubes, pipes, and hoses for various usages, products made of expanded polystyrene (EPS) and extruded polystyrene foam (XPS), equipment for sports, physical exercise, and leisure, and lastly Single-Use plastics. The changes have been developed together with Statistics Sweden, the Swedish Customs and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and are designed to distinguish products made of plastic prioritized by the project. The proposals are ready to be sent to the HS Committee for deliberation. ; För att kunna klassificera produkter och material som man vill kartlägga eller nå med styrmedel så behöver de på något sätt definieras. En nomenklatur som finns är ...
