Suchergebnisse

The word 'term' can be defined as "a word or expression that has a precise meaning in some uses or is peculiar to a particular field", (A New Webster Dictionary, 1981:796). The point in a term is being a tool of gathering information, some qualities or features in the smallest linguistic semantic space, i.e., the utterance in which it replaces that particular notion, ( اسماعيل, 1987: 3). Kvam (2007:2) defines a "term" as 'the systematic designation of defined concept within a specific field requiring specialized knowledge'. It is quite necessary for translators to be able to translate new terms from English into Arabic since the former is witnessing great invention and molding of new terms or neologisms. The problem of terms, as mentioned by Gentzler(1993: 16), has historically troubled translators. Besides, calling for one-to-one transfer approach and method revolves around decoding and recoding process increasingly difficult to hold.
The present study is an attempt to shed some light on this aspect of translation. It is divided into two sections; the first of which is dedicated to new English terms or what is called neologisms and their translation into Arabic. Besides, it deals with formation of new terms semantically and morphologically. Section Two, on the other hand, focuses on some criteria for translating new terms and their application. The study ends up with some conclusions.

The present study is a linguistic assessment of the translation of Surat al-Fatiha.The researcher has chosen the translation of Surat al-Fatiha because of its importance to all Muslims around the world. This significance comes from its existence in every prayer Muslims do five times a day. Besides, Muslims opt to recite this holy sura whenever they start doing something whether it is simple or complicated seeking Allah's approval. Non-Arab Muslims as well as non-Muslims have to know the meaning of this significant sura through its translation into English. In fact, many translators managed to translate not only this sura but the whole Glorious Quran centuries ago. However, the present study tackles the translation of four prominent translations, i.e., those of Abdullah Yusuf Ali(1968) [first appeared in 1939], Arthur Arberry (1955), Shakir (2002), and al-Hilali and Khan (2007)[first appeared in 1974]. The study tries to show how different translators have applied translation strategies to arrive at a satisfactory target text in the hope of communicating the message to the largest possible number of receptors. It aims at describing the ways different translators follow in handling their translation as well as analyzing the lexical, structural, stylistic problems involved in translating Surat al-Fatiha.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have turned to be the backbone of most present-day information technology, which supports the service-oriented architecture in a major activity. Sensor nodes and its restricted and limited resources have been a real challenge because there's a great engagement with sensor nodes and Internet Of things (IoT). WSN is considered to be the base stone of IoT which has been widely used recently in too many applications like smart cities, industrial internet, connected cars, connected health care systems, smart grids, smart farming and it's widely used in both military and civilian applications now, such as monitoring of ambient conditions related to the environment, precious species and critical infrastructures. Secure communication and data transfer among the nodes are strongly needed due to the use of wireless technologies that are easy to eavesdrop, in order to steal its important information. However, is hard to achieve the desired performance of both WSNs and IoT and many critical issues about sensor networks are still open. The major research areas in WSN is going on hardware, operating system of WSN, localization, synchronization, deployment, architecture, programming models, data aggregation and dissemination, database querying, architecture, middleware, quality of service and security. In This paper we discuss in detail all about Wireless Sensor Networks, its classification, types, topologies, attack models and the nodes and all related issues and complications. We also preview too many challenges about sensor nodes and the proposed solutions till now and we make a spot ongoing research activities and issues that affect security and performance of Wireless Sensor Network as well. Then we discuss what's meant by security objectives, requirements and threat models. Finally, we make a spot on key management operations, goals, constraints, evaluation metrics, different encryption key types and dynamic key management schemes.