Suchergebnisse

Before the Revolution. Peter the Great, among other attempts to westernize Russia, introduced in 1722 a "table of ranks" consisting of fourteen classes of civil officials (chinovniki) ranging from mere filing clerks to privy councillors. Advancement in civil service also brought with it advancement in social status, but few persons of plebeian origin could reach the higher ranks. Officials attaining the rank of "actual state councillor" automatically became hereditary nobles. The old nobility resented this "corruption of blood;" but with the growth of the Empire, the nobles alone were not sufficiently numerous to render all the civil service necessary for the administration of the state. The admission of non-nobles into civil service was, however, rigidly restricted, not so much by educational qualifications as by stipulations that sons of officials, military officers, orthodox clergy, merchants of the first class, and members of the learned professions should be given preference. Others were admitted provided they were graduated from middle and higher educational institutions with honor (gold medal). Jews were in general excluded, exceptions being made in the case of the medical service.

AbstractHome rule and the short ballot appear to American Observers o be necessary reforms in Russian Municipal government.

AbstractUrban land policies in Russia are complicated and their administration is molded to conform to the peculiar organization of the Soviet State. More than one hundred Cities have already worked out definite city plans to be followed by new construction.

AbstractThis is the third and last of a series of article on the government o Russian cities, the previous articles having appeared in the December adn January issues of the REVIEW

AbstractA first‐hand report on municipal developments in Soviet Russia. This month the author describes the changes bought by the revolution. Next month he Will discuss the structure of the new city governments established by the soviets.

Although in 1808 the Stein reforms granted Prussian cities a certain measure of self-government, and although the Prussian municipal code of 1853 brought about some degree of uniformity so far as the urban communities of the several provinces of Prussia were concerned (the rest of the German states following the example of Prussia by adopting codes no two of which were alike in their provisions), yet even in Prussia there was, and is, no uniform municipal code. There are indeed no fewer than nine systems of municipal government in that state. In 1923, however, a new municipal code was drafted which, if passed by the Landtag, will give the country a more balanced system of municipal government. In other German states, e.g., Bavaria, Württenberg, Baden, and Saxony, new municipal codes have been adopted since the revolution of 1918.