Suchergebnisse

Im letzten Jahrzehnt hat das Bestreben, soziale und ökologische Aspekte stärker in den Weltkaffeehandel zu integrieren, bedeutend zugenommen. Zum Einen, um die weltweit stetig wachsende Armut der Kaffeebauern und zum Anderen, um die ökologische Belastung beim Kaffeeanbau zu mindern. Es entstanden Öko-Siegel, die über die Vermittlung neuer Nachfrageimpulse nach ökologisch erzeugtem Kaffee einen Lösungsbeitrag für die Dilemmasituation des Verarmungsprozesses und des steigenden Ressourcenverbrauchs im Kaffeesektor leisten sollen. Die Öko-Siegel wirken jedoch nicht isoliert, sondern sind eingebettet in ein institutionelles Geflecht von ökologischen, ökonomischen und politisch-institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen. Die hieraus entstehenden Wechselwirkungen bestimmen die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Kaffeebauern, den durch die Siegel geschaffenen Handlungsspielraum zu nutzen. Darüber hinaus hängt dies in hohem Maße von der Befähigung der Akteure ab, die neu entstandenen Potenziale zu nutzen. Es zeigt sich, dass Umweltschutz und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit diejenigen Unternehmen am besten verbinden, die effektive Formen der Zusammenarbeit mit den vorund nachgelagerten Warenkettensegmenten sowie mit Akteuren und Organisationen außerhalb der Warenkette aufweisen.

The source of irresponsible business is a systems failure involving an ill-conceived interface between government, the law, investors, and firms. Addressing this systemic failure requires reform of our capitalist system to build a partnership between the four parties that recognizes the function of each and how they should coalesce together.

Im letzten Jahrzehnt hat das Bestreben, soziale und ökologische Aspekte stärker in den Weltkaffeehandel zu integrieren, bedeutend zugenommen. Zum Einen, um die weltweit stetig wachsende Armut der Kaffeebauern und zum Anderen, um die ökologische Belastung beim Kaffeeanbau zu mindern. Es entstanden Öko-Siegel, die über die Vermittlung neuer Nachfrageimpulse nach ökologisch erzeugtem Kaffee einen Lösungsbeitrag für die Dilemmasituation des Verarmungsprozesses und des steigenden Ressourcenverbrauchs im Kaffeesektor leisten sollen. Die Öko-Siegel wirken jedoch nicht isoliert, sondern sind eingebettet in ein institutionelles Geflecht von ökologischen, ökonomischen und politisch-institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen. Die hieraus entstehenden Wechselwirkungen bestimmen die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Kaffeebauern, den durch die Siegel geschaffenen Handlungsspielraum zu nutzen. Darüber hinaus hängt dies in hohem Maße von der Befähigung der Akteure ab, die neu entstandenen Potenziale zu nutzen. Es zeigt sich, dass Umweltschutz und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit diejenigen Unternehmen am besten verbinden, die effektive Formen der Zusammenarbeit mit den vorund nachgelagerten Warenkettensegmenten sowie mit Akteuren und Organisationen außerhalb der Warenkette aufweisen.

This text draws on history, philosophy, psychology, and biology as well economics, law, and finance to describe what has gone wrong, what needs to change, and how to fix it. It sets out the big challenges that capitalism must address and how it should set about doing that.

December 1996 How does choice of regulatory regime affect the level of shareholder risk in regulated companies? A new study shows that investors bear the greatest nondiversifiable risk with price caps and the least with rate-of-return regulation. Evidence about how choice of regulatory regime affects the level of shareholder risk for the regulated company has traditionally focused on studies in the United Kingdom and the United States. Broad comparisons of price-cap-based regimes (as practiced in the United Kingdom) with rate-of-return regulation (as practiced in the United States) show price-cap-based regimes to be associated with higher levels of shareholder risk (as measured by the beta value) than rate-of-return regulation is. But so few countries were compared that other factors could be at work. Alexander, Mayer, and Weeds broaden the investigation by studying more countries (including regulated utilities in Canada, Europe, and Latin America), doing a sectoral comparison to control for some risks related to factors other than the regulatory regime, and use narrower classifications for regulatory regime. They also look at such recent evidence as the move from relatively pure price caps in the U.K. electricity sector to a mixed-revenue/price-cap-based system. The results of their survey are in line with results from earlier research. They find that investors bear the greatest nondiversifiable risk with price caps and the least nondiversifiable risk with rate-of-return regulation. Once governments and regulatory agencies quantify how the choice of regulatory regime affects the average level of shareholder risk, they can weigh the relative merits of various options not only in terms of incentives for cost reduction but also in terms of the allowable level of investor profit. This paper - a product of the Private Sector Development Department - is part of a larger effort in the department to improve understanding of the impact of regulation on infrastructure firms.

Conflict of interest statementAK reports grants from European Union 7th Framework Program during the conduct of the study. ADM has nothing to disclose. CM has nothing to disclose. AW has nothing to disclose. ES has nothing to disclose. ME reports grants from European Union 7th Framework Program during the conduct of the study. THC has nothing to disclose. MEn reports grants from European Union 7th Framework Program during the conduct of the study, grants from Bayer and fees paid to the Charité from Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, BMS/Pfizer, Daiichi Sankyo, Amgen, GlaxoSmithKlineGSK, Sanofi, Covidien, Novartis, all outside the submitted work. JBF reports grants from European Union 7th Framework Program during the conduct of the study and personal fees from Bioclinica, BMS, Biogen, Artemida, Cerevast, Guerbet, EISAI and Nicolab outside the submitted work. JF has nothing to disclose. IG reports grants from European Union 7th Framework Program during the conduct of the study. JP has nothing to disclose. VT reports grants from European Union 7th Framework Program and personal fees and non-financial support from Boehringer Ingelheim, Pfizer/BMS, Bayer, Sygnis, Amgen and Allergan outside the submitted work. RL reports no personal fees, but institutional support for consultancy and speaker fees from Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Genentech, Ischemaview, Medtronic and Occlutech outside the submitted work. KWM reports grants from European Union 7th Framework Program during the conduct of the study, personal fees and non-financial support from Boehringer Ingelheim outside the submitted work, personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Daiichi Sankyo and ReNeuron outside the submitted work. NN has nothing to disclose. SP reports grants from European Union 7th Framework Program during the conduct of the study. CZS reports grants from Novo Nordisk Foundation and personal fees from Bayer outside the submitted work. CG reports grants from European Union 7th Framework Program during the conduct of the study, personal fees from AMGEN, Bayer Vital, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi Aventis, Abbott, and Prediction Biosciences outside the submitted work. GT reports grants from European Union 7th Framework Program during the conduct of the study, personal fees from Acandis, Boehringer Ingelheim, BMS/Pfizer, Stryker, Daiichi Sankyo, grants and personal fees from Bayer, grants from Corona Foundation, German Innovation Fonds and Else Kroener Fresenius Foundation outside the submitted work. BC reports grants from European Union 7th Framework Program during the conduct of the study and personal fees from Bayer Vital and Abbott, all outside the submitted work. ; International audience ; Stroke has a deleterious impact on quality of life. However, it is less well known if stroke lesions in different brain regions are associated with reduced quality of life (QoL). We therefore investigated this association by multivariate lesion-symptom mapping. We analyzed magnetic resonance imaging and clinical data from the WAKE-UP trial. European Quality of Life 5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) 3 level questionnaires were completed 90 days after stroke. Lesion symptom mapping was performed using a multivariate machine learning algorithm (support vector regression) based on stroke lesions 22-36 h after stroke. Brain regions with significant associations were explored in reference to white matter tracts. Of 503 randomized patients, 329 were included in the analysis (mean age 65.4 years, SD 11.5; median NIHSS = 6, IQR 4-9; median EQ-5D score 90 days after stroke 1, IQR 0-4, median lesion volume 3.3 ml, IQR 1.1-16.9 ml). After controlling for lesion volume, significant associations between lesions and EQ-5D score were detected for the right putamen, and internal capsules of both hemispheres. Multivariate lesion inference analysis revealed an association between injuries of the cortico-spinal tracts with worse self-reported quality of life 90 days after stroke in comparably small stroke lesions, extending previous reports of the association of striato-capsular lesions with worse functional outcome. Our findings are of value to identify patients at risk of impaired QoL after stroke.

Conflict of interest statementAK reports grants from European Union 7th Framework Program during the conduct of the study. ADM has nothing to disclose. CM has nothing to disclose. AW has nothing to disclose. ES has nothing to disclose. ME reports grants from European Union 7th Framework Program during the conduct of the study. THC has nothing to disclose. MEn reports grants from European Union 7th Framework Program during the conduct of the study, grants from Bayer and fees paid to the Charité from Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, BMS/Pfizer, Daiichi Sankyo, Amgen, GlaxoSmithKlineGSK, Sanofi, Covidien, Novartis, all outside the submitted work. JBF reports grants from European Union 7th Framework Program during the conduct of the study and personal fees from Bioclinica, BMS, Biogen, Artemida, Cerevast, Guerbet, EISAI and Nicolab outside the submitted work. JF has nothing to disclose. IG reports grants from European Union 7th Framework Program during the conduct of the study. JP has nothing to disclose. VT reports grants from European Union 7th Framework Program and personal fees and non-financial support from Boehringer Ingelheim, Pfizer/BMS, Bayer, Sygnis, Amgen and Allergan outside the submitted work. RL reports no personal fees, but institutional support for consultancy and speaker fees from Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Genentech, Ischemaview, Medtronic and Occlutech outside the submitted work. KWM reports grants from European Union 7th Framework Program during the conduct of the study, personal fees and non-financial support from Boehringer Ingelheim outside the submitted work, personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Daiichi Sankyo and ReNeuron outside the submitted work. NN has nothing to disclose. SP reports grants from European Union 7th Framework Program during the conduct of the study. CZS reports grants from Novo Nordisk Foundation and personal fees from Bayer outside the submitted work. CG reports grants from European Union 7th Framework Program during the conduct of the study, personal fees from AMGEN, Bayer Vital, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi Aventis, Abbott, and Prediction Biosciences outside the submitted work. GT reports grants from European Union 7th Framework Program during the conduct of the study, personal fees from Acandis, Boehringer Ingelheim, BMS/Pfizer, Stryker, Daiichi Sankyo, grants and personal fees from Bayer, grants from Corona Foundation, German Innovation Fonds and Else Kroener Fresenius Foundation outside the submitted work. BC reports grants from European Union 7th Framework Program during the conduct of the study and personal fees from Bayer Vital and Abbott, all outside the submitted work. ; International audience ; Stroke has a deleterious impact on quality of life. However, it is less well known if stroke lesions in different brain regions are associated with reduced quality of life (QoL). We therefore investigated this association by multivariate lesion-symptom mapping. We analyzed magnetic resonance imaging and clinical data from the WAKE-UP trial. European Quality of Life 5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) 3 level questionnaires were completed 90 days after stroke. Lesion symptom mapping was performed using a multivariate machine learning algorithm (support vector regression) based on stroke lesions 22-36 h after stroke. Brain regions with significant associations were explored in reference to white matter tracts. Of 503 randomized patients, 329 were included in the analysis (mean age 65.4 years, SD 11.5; median NIHSS = 6, IQR 4-9; median EQ-5D score 90 days after stroke 1, IQR 0-4, median lesion volume 3.3 ml, IQR 1.1-16.9 ml). After controlling for lesion volume, significant associations between lesions and EQ-5D score were detected for the right putamen, and internal capsules of both hemispheres. Multivariate lesion inference analysis revealed an association between injuries of the cortico-spinal tracts with worse self-reported quality of life 90 days after stroke in comparably small stroke lesions, extending previous reports of the association of striato-capsular lesions with worse functional outcome. Our findings are of value to identify patients at risk of impaired QoL after stroke.