Suchergebnisse

Opioid abuse has become a public health concern among many developed countries, with policymakers searching for strategies to mitigate adverse effects on population health and the wider economy. The United Kingdom has seen dramatic increases in opioid-related mortality following the financial crises in 2008. We examine the impact of spending cuts resulting from government prescribed austerity measures on opioid-related hospitalisations and mortality, thereby expanding on existing evidence suggesting a countercyclical relationship with macroeconomic performance. We take advantage of the variation in spending cuts passed down from central government to local authorities since 2010, with reductions in budgets of up to fifty percent in some areas resulting in the rescaling of vital public services. Longitudinal panel data methods are used to analyse a comprehensive, linked dataset that combines information from spending records, official death registry data and large administrative health care data for 152 local authorities (i.e., unitary authorities and county councils) in England between April 2010 and March 2017. A total of 280,827 people experienced a hospital admission in the English National Health Service because of an opioid overdose and 14,700 people died from opioids across the study period. Local authorities that experienced largest spending cuts also saw largest increases in opioid abuse. Interactions between changes in unemployment and spending items for welfare programmes show evidence about the importance for governments to protect populations from social-risk effects at times of deteriorating macroeconomic performance. Our study carries important lessons for countries aiming to address high rates of opioid abuse, including the United States, Canada and Sweden.

Desde el nacimiento de la Unión Económica y Monetaria (UEM), se han implantado políticas en los diferentes países miembros de la Unión Europea (UE) para conducirlos hacia la convergencia económica. Analizamos la convergencia de las 174 regiones que existen en los 17 países de la zona euro en el periodo 1990-2010. Especificamos un modelo econométrico espacio-temporal, utilizando las hipótesis de beta-convergencia condicionada y de sigmaconvergencia. Las variables dependientes del modelo son el PIB per cápita y la productividad y las variables explicativas son variables económicas reales. Encontramos que existe beta- convergencia entre los países de la zona euro en términos de PIB per cápita, pero divergencia en términos de productividad, si bien las pautas se producen sólo a nivel de país. Es decir, se confirma nuestra hipótesis de que son las pautas a escala país las que conducen a la hipotética convergencia y que el comportamiento desfavorable de la productividad se debe, sin duda, a un diferente comportamiento de la población activa entre los diferentes países de la zona euro. ; Since the birth of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), policies have been implemented in the Member States of the European Union (EU) to lead them towards economic convergence. This article analyses the convergence of the 174 regions that exist in the 17 euro-zone countries in the years from 1990 to 2010. The article specifies a space-time econometric model using the hypotheses of conditioned beta-convergence and sigmaconvergence. The dependent variables of the model are per capita GDP and productivity and the explanatory variables are real economic variables. Beta-convergence is found to exist between the countries of the euro-zone in terms of per capita GDP, but there is divergence in terms of productivity, though only at country level. In other words, the hypothesis is confirmed that it is guidelines at country level that lead to hypothetical convergence and that the unfavourable performance of productivity is due, without doubt, to differences in behaviour between the active populations of the different euro zone countries.

Desde el nacimiento de la Unión Económica y Monetaria (UEM), se han implantado políticas en los diferentes países miembros de la Unión Europea (UE) para conducirlos hacia la convergencia económica. Analizamos la convergencia de las 174 regiones que existen en los 17 países de la zona euro en el periodo 1990-2010. Especificamos un modelo econométrico espacio-temporal, utilizando las hipótesis de beta-convergencia condicionada y de sigmaconvergencia. Las variables dependientes del modelo son el PIB per cápita y la productividad y las variables explicativas son variables económicas reales. Encontramos que existe beta- convergencia entre los países de la zona euro en términos de PIB per cápita, pero divergencia en términos de productividad, si bien las pautas se producen sólo a nivel de país. Es decir, se confirma nuestra hipótesis de que son las pautas a escala país las que conducen a la hipotética convergencia y que el comportamiento desfavorable de la productividad se debe, sin duda, a un diferente comportamiento de la población activa entre los diferentes países de la zona euro. ; Ekonomia eta Moneta Batasuna jaio zenetik, Europar Batasuneko herrialde bakoitzak bere politikak ezarri ditu konbergentzia ekonomikoa lortzeko. 1990-2010 aldian 17 herrialdez osatutako batasunak biltzen dituen 174 eskualdeen konbergentzia aztertuko dugu. Espazio-denborazko eredua ekonometrikoa zehaztu dugu, beta-konbergentzia baldintzatua eta konbergentzia-sigma hipotesiak erabiliz. Ereduaren aldagai dependenteak BPG per capita eta produktibitatea dira, eta aldagai esplikatiboakk, berriz, aldagaia ekonomiko errealak dira. Euro-guneko herrialdeetan beta- konbergentzia ikusten dugu BPG per capitari dagokionez, baina produktibitateari dagokionez dibergentzia dago, nahiz pautak herrialde mailan bakarrik gertatzen diren. Hau da, berretsita geratzen da gure hipotesia; herrialde-mailako pautak direla dira konbergentzia hipotetikora garamatzatenak eta produktibitatearen portaera txarra, dudarik gabe, euro-guneko herrialdeetan biztanleria aktiboaren jokabide ezberdinaren ondorio dela. ; Since the birth of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), policies have been implemented in the Member States of the European Union (EU) to lead them towards economic convergence. This article analyses the convergence of the 174 regions that exist in the 17 euro-zone countries in the years from 1990 to 2010. The article specifies a space-time econometric model using the hypotheses of conditioned beta-convergence and sigmaconvergence. The dependent variables of the model are per capita GDP and productivity and the explanatory variables are real economic variables. Beta-convergence is found to exist between the countries of the euro-zone in terms of per capita GDP, but there is divergence in terms of productivity, though only at country level. In other words, the hypothesis is confirmed that it is guidelines at country level that lead to hypothetical convergence and that the unfavourable performance of productivity is due, without doubt, to differences in behaviour between the active populations of the different euro zone countries.