Suchergebnisse

Intro -- SUGAR AND SOCIETY IN CHINA: PEASANTS, TECHNOLOGY, AND THE WORLD MARKET -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- CONTENTS -- Tables, Maps, and Figures -- Note on Transliteration, Names, and Conversions -- Introduction -- 1 Consumption and Demand: Parameters of the Domestic Market -- The Northern Chinese Discovery of Sugarcane -- Tang: The Expansion of Sugar Manufacturing -- Song: Urbanization and Sugar Consumption -- Yuan: Imperial Sponsorship of Sugar Manufacturing -- Late-Imperial China: The Expansion of Consumption -- Conclusion: The Domestic Market in China and England -- 2 The World Market: Changing Patterns of Trade -- The European Sugar Market and the Beginnings of European Trade in Asia -- East Asian Trade in the Sixteenth Century -- The Iberian Impact on the Trading World of East Asia -- Sugar and Silk: Emergence of the Japanese Market -- The Dutch Presence in Asia -- The Zheng Challenge to Dutch Expansion in East Asian Trade -- The Pax Manchurica and Chinese Trade -- Canton Sugar for Bombay Cotton: The Expansion of British Trade with China -- Conclusion: China's Intra-Asian Trade on the Eve of the Opium War -- 3 From Cane into Sugar: The Technology of Sugar Manufacture -- The Logistics of Manufacturing Sugar -- The Mechanics of Crushing Cane in Tang-Song China -- Cane-Processing Techniques in Yuan and Early-Ming China -- China and the Americas: Innovations and Adaptations -- Ming-Qing Developments in Techniques of Refining -- Social Parameters and Technological Development -- Conclusion: Technological Selection in a SmallProducer Economy -- 4 The Social Formation of Late-Imperial China -- Servile Tenants and Elite Landlords: Pre-Qjng Guangdong -- The Crisis of the Seventeenth Century: The Ming-Qing Transition in Guangdong -- The Ming-Qing Transition on Taiwan -- The Qing Restructuring in South China: Strengthening the Smallholder.

Migration has been a central concern of many areas in the writing of European history, and even more so when dealing with the histories of the white settler colonies of North America, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. In contrast, migration overseas constitutes a mere footnote (if it is mentioned at all) in densely populated China and India, where the total number of those who migrated out of the country in the last couple of centuries was a relatively small percentage of those who did not. In his thought-provoking and far-reaching essay, Adam McKeown challenges us to look beyond the normative model of "global" migration that focuses solely on European migration. Through innovative research and the compilation of range of data on China, India, central Asia, Japan, Siberia, south-east Asia that are seldom collated and analyzed together, McKeown demonstrates that Asian migration from the mid-nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries was comparable in volume to the trans-oceanic migrations from Europe. The term "global" as the theme of McKeown's essay, used as an adjective, evocatively captures the migration patterns and circulations of the modern world. But the concept of global is also the definition of the process underlying the modern economic and political system that through its very logic of reproduction creates unequal and uneven terrains. My comments explore some aspects of this unequal terrain.

Cet article démontre que l'émergence de la petite propriété paysanne en Chine tient à une conjoncture historique particulière, qui résulte des luttes paysannes autour des droits fonciers et des intérêts économiques et politiques de la classe dirigeante. Après un bref panorama rétrospectif des débuts de l'agriculture chinoise, deux moments-clés, le VIe siècle et le XVIIe siècle, signalent que l'économie et la société chinoises n'ont pas toujours été fondées sur la petite propriété, et que l'économie manoriale ne s'est effondrée qu'au XVIIe siècle. La comparaison détaillée de deux textes agronomiques chinois du VIe siècle, l'autre du XVIIe siècle, montre à quel point la modification des techniques agricoles a joué un rôle essentiel dans le développement d'une petite propriété paysanne viable à partir du XVIIe siècle.