Death and the Body in the Eighteenth-Century Novel
In: Social history of medicine
ISSN: 1477-4666
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In: Social history of medicine
ISSN: 1477-4666
In: Die politische Meinung, Band 59, Heft 524, S. 28-33
ISSN: 0032-3446
In: Die politische Meinung, Band 57, Heft 516, S. 32-34
ISSN: 0032-3446
In: Innovative Verwaltung: die Fachzeitschrift für erfolgreiches Verwaltungsmanagement, Band 33, Heft 5, S. 11-14
ISSN: 2192-9068
In: Innovative Verwaltung: IV : das Fachmedium für erfolgreiches Verwaltungsmanagement, Band 33, Heft 5, S. 11-14
ISSN: 1618-9876
In: Kommunalpolitische Blätter: KOPO ; Wissen, was vor Ort passiert! ; Stimme der Kommunalpolitischen Vereinigung von CDU und CSU, Band 58, Heft 9, S. 8-11
ISSN: 0177-9184
In: Journal of social work education: JSWE, Band 56, Heft 2, S. 354-368
ISSN: 2163-5811
In: Sicherheit und Frieden: S + F = Security and Peace, Band 34, Heft 1, S. 66-79
ISSN: 0175-274X
World Affairs Online
In: Sicherheit & Frieden, Band 34, Heft 1, S. 66-80
In: Sicherheit und Frieden: S + F = Security and peace, Band 34, Heft 1, S. 66-79
Background: Global child mortality reduced substantially during the Millennium Development Goal period (2000–15). We aimed to estimate morbidity, mortality, and prevalence of risk factors for child pneumonia at the global, regional, and national level for developing countries for the Millennium Development Goal period. Methods: We estimated the incidence, number of hospital admissions, and in-hospital mortality due to all-cause clinical pneumonia in children younger than 5 years in developing countries at 5-year intervals during the Millennium Development Goal period (2000–15) using data from a systematic review and Poisson regression. We estimated the incidence and number of cases of clinical pneumonia, and the pneumonia burden attributable to HIV for 132 developing countries using a risk-factor-based model that used Demographic and Health Survey data on prevalence of the various risk factors for child pneumonia. We also estimated pneumonia mortality in young children using data from multicause models based on vital registration and verbal autopsy. Findings: Globally, the number of episodes of clinical pneumonia in young children decreased by 22% from 178 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 110–289) in 2000 to 138 million (86–226) in 2015. In 2015, India, Nigeria, Indonesia, Pakistan, and China contributed to more than 54% of all global pneumonia cases, with 32% of the global burden from India alone. Between 2000 and 2015, the burden of clinical pneumonia attributable to HIV decreased by 45%. Between 2000 and 2015, global hospital admissions for child pneumonia increased by 2·9 times with a more rapid increase observed in the WHO South-East Asia Region than the African Region. Pneumonia deaths in this age group decreased from 1·7 million (95% UI 1·7–2·0) in 2000 to 0·9 million (0·8–1·1) in 2015. In 2015, 49% of global pneumonia deaths occurred in India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Ethiopia collectively. All key risk factors for child pneumonia (non-exclusive breastfeeding, crowding, malnutrition, indoor air pollution, incomplete immunisation, and paediatric HIV), with the exception of low birthweight, decreased across all regions between 2000 and 2015. Interpretation: Globally, the incidence of child pneumonia decreased by 30% and mortality decreased by 51% during the Millennium Development Goal period. These reductions are consistent with the decrease in the prevalence of some of the key risk factors for pneumonia, increasing socioeconomic development and preventive interventions, improved access to care, and quality of care in hospitals. However, intersectoral action is required to improve socioeconomic conditions and increase coverage of interventions targeting risk factors for child pneumonia to accelerate decline in pneumonia mortality and achieve the Sustainable Development Goals for health by 2030. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Funding EAVE II funded by the Medical Research Council (MR/R008345/1) with the support of BREATHE - The Health Data Research Hub for Respiratory Health (MC_PC_19004), which is funded through the UK Research and Innovation Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund and delivered through Health Data Research UK. Additional support has been provided through the Scottish Government DG Health and Social Care. COPS receive additional funding from Tommy's charity (1060508; SC039280). SJS is supported by Wellcome Trust (209560/Z/17/Z) ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF
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