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RUSSIA IS A LARGE AND HETEROGENEOUS COUNTRY THAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY SIGNIFICANT REGIONAL ECONOMIC INEQUALITY. THERE IS EVIDENCE THAT THIS INEQUALITY HAS INTENSIFIED DURING THE RECENT TRANSITION PERIOD AND THAT NEW SOURCES OF DIFFERENTIATION MAY HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED. THIS ESSAY BEGINS WITH A DISCUSSION OF THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR STUDYING FISCAL FEDERALISM: WHAT ARE MOSCOW'S OBJECTIVES FOR REGIONAL FISCAL POLICY AND WHAT ARE THE CONSTRAINTS ON ITS ACTIONS? THE AUTHOR ALSO REVIEWS THE FINDINGS OF PREVIOUS STUDIES, WHICH SUGGEST THAT, AT LEAST IN THE EARLY TRANSITION, THE RUSSIAN GOVERNMENT SHOWED LITTLE CONCERN FOR EQUITY IN THE WAY IT DISTRIBUTED AND REDISTRIBUTED RESOURCES BETWEEN REGIONS. THEN HE DESCRIBES THE DATA USED IN THE STUDY TO MEASURE INTERGOVERNMENTAL FISCAL RELATIONS IN RUSSIA IN 1995 AND TO EXPLAIN THE VARIANCE IN NET FINANCIAL FLOWS BETWEEN THE CENTER AND THE REGIONS. HE ALSO REPORTS THE RESULTS OF A SERIES OF REGRESSIONS THAT PROVIDE CLUES AS TO HOW FAR INTERGOVERNMENTAL TRANSFERS ARE DETERMINED BY SOCIAL NEED AND THUS MAY BE EXPLAINED BY A CONCERN FOR EQUITY.

Focusing on the lives of a groups of young adults living in a deprived housing estate in the North of England, this book provides a richly detailed ethnographic account of the realities of exclusion. In doing so, it promotes a different way of seeing the problematic relationship between socially excluded young people, society and government, and challenges the view underlying government policy that social exclusion is a product of crime, antisocial behaviour and drug use.

Why are more young law breakers imprisoned in Russia and the UK than in any other European country? This book explores the treatment of young offenders in these two very different states and the political and institutional context of their distinctively punitive approach.