Suchergebnisse

Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: Methods -- Chapter 3: Biomes, Human Settlement, and the Selection of Cities -- Biomes -- Historical Background -- Human Settlement in the World's Biomes -- Chapter 4: History -- Introduction -- Early Human Settlements -- Large Urban Areas in Mexico at the Time of the Spanish Conquest -- Urban Trees in Ancient Egypt -- Trees in the Ancient Cities of Persia, Greece, and Rome -- The Middle Ages in Europe -- The Renaissance -- The Enlightenment -- The Nineteenth Century -- The Twentieth Century -- Chapter 5: Composition -- Overall Composition of the Urban Forest -- Street and Boulevard Trees -- Traffic Barriers -- Parks -- Greenbelts -- Waste Areas -- Water's Edge -- Cemeteries -- Freeways -- Rooftop Gardens -- Chapter 6: Design -- Introduction -- Trees Along Streets and Boulevards -- New Delhi -- Stockholm -- Murmansk -- Seattle -- Vancouver -- Tehran -- Other Cites -- Traffic Barriers -- Small Parks -- Large Parks -- Housing Areas -- Brasilia -- Stockholm -- Urban Greenbelts -- Water's Edge -- Cemeteries -- Freeways -- Rooftop Gardens -- Chapter 7: Function -- Use of Trees for Air Pollution Reduction -- Landslide Stabilization -- Urban Orchards -- Community Gardens -- Storm Water Retention -- Brownfield Reclamation -- Forest Products -- Chapter 8: Management -- Introduction -- Administrative Approaches -- Urban Forest Management Problems -- Specific Management Activities -- Alternative Approaches to Urban Forest Management -- Chapter 9: Urban Forests, Biomes and History -- Species Composition -- Design -- Function -- Management -- Conclusions -- Chapter 10: The Future of the Urban Forest -- Literature Cited

The objective of this project was to determine the impact of urbanization on the hydrologic characteristics of watersheds in the Berkeley Hills of central California. The initial approach was to calibrate three stream gaging station prior to the development of one watershed above one of these stations and to follow changes in hydrologic characteristics during and subsequent to development. Economic and political developments in 1974 and 1975 prevented the developer from building on the principal watershed. A summary of data on annual water yield, characteristics of flood peaks, sediment yield, and water quality for the three non-urban watersheds is presented. A subproject completed during the study compared periodicity of streamflow in previously urbanized and non-urbanized watersheds in the Berkeley Hills. Two daily discharge peaks which lagged 1.5 hours behind two daily peaks in lawn irrigation were observed. Peak daily streamflow on the urbanized watershed was 10 times that of a similar non-urbanized watershed. The stream from the urbanized watershed flowed continuously throughout the year while the stream from the non-urbanized watershed ceased flowing from late July until mid-October.

Since the 1950s, the pines native to the San Bernardino Mountains in Southern California have shown symptoms of decline that have proven to result from exposure to ozone, a major plant-damaging gas in photochemical oxidant air pollution. Because of their proximity to major urban areas, the San Bernardino Mountains have served as a natural laboratory for studying effects of oxidant and acidic air pollution on a mixed-conifer forest. This volume presents a body of research conducted over more than thirty years, including an intensive interdisciplinary five-year study begun in 1991. Chapters include studies of the relationships of biogeography and climate to the region's air pollution, the chemical and physiological mechanisms of ozone injury, as well as the impacts of nitrogen-containing pollutants and natural stresses on polluted forests. The synthesis of such long-term studies provides insights into the combined influences of pollutants on ecosystem function in forested regions with Mediterranean-type climates

This book will address the destruction of urban forest in nine cities by bombing during World War II and the Bosnian War and their reconstruction in the post-war years. After reviewing the general objectives and results of aerial bombing, the book explores the effects of bombing and the reconstruction of urban forest in London, Coventry, Hamburg, Dresden, St. Petersburg, Stalingrad, Tokyo, Hiroshima, and Sarajevo. Sarajevo stands out among these cities because the destruction of its urban forest was the result of citizens cutting down trees for firewood during the siege of the city. Most of the cities studied developed plans for reconstruction either during or after the war. These plans often addressed the planning and re-establishment of the urban forest that had been destroyed. Urban planners often planned for infrastructure improvements such as new boulevards and parks where trees would be planted. After the war many of these plans were abandoned or significantly modified. Cost, resistance by property owners, control of reconstruction by authorities outside of the cities, and the lack of planting stock were factors contributing to the failure of many of the plans. Exceptions occurred in Hiroshima and Coventry where the destroyed cities became symbols of national reconstruction and every effort was made to redesign the destroyed portions of these cities as memorials to those who lost their lives and to demonstrate the rebirth of the cities. In several of the cities studied individual citizens undertook on their own the replanting of street and park trees. Their ingenuity, hard work, and dedication to trees in their cities was remarkable. A common factor limiting efforts to replant street and park trees was the lack of nursery stock. During and immediately after the wars nearly all nurseries that had supplied trees for city planting had been converted to vegetable gardens to produce food for the urban populations. The slow return to the production of trees for urban planting was a common factor in the time required in many cities to restore their street and park trees. There are lessons to be learned by urban planner, urban forester, and landscape architects from this book that will be useful in the future destruction of urban forest either by natural or man-made causes.