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What is the social organization of love, friendship, rivalry, marriage, admiration, collegiality, parenthood, acquaintance, and clientage? How are these types of relationships similar and how do they differ? Few sociological works exist on relationships between friends, business partners, customers and clerks, mailmen and homeowners, and employers and employees, as social rather than role relationships. This classic book remains of interest because it focuses on voluntary personal relationships relationships that people need not enter, whose content is up to the participants, whose rules are what the participants agree they will be. The authors create an analytic framework within which to describe and compare the enormous range of relationships between two persons. They detail the shape and structure of such relationships, consider their organizational dynamics, their range and the nature of deviance in them, and point out analytical variables and dimensions upon which relationships can be located for comparative purposes. Organizational change in terms of how relationships are formed, developed, and transformed is covered, as is their function and dysfunction for the individual and society. By regarding social relationships consistently from the viewpoint of social organization theory, the book assimilates them to sociological concepts in general, but with an eye to the social psychological and organizational features that render them distinctive as a type. Friendship as a Social Institution sustains the study of friendship by making distinctions and outlining the problems connected with the study of social relationships.

Résumé Les concepts de construction nationale et de société civile sont profondément enracinés dans la théorie sociale positive, mais ils sont aussi devenus d'importants concepts normatifs dans le contexte de l'aide internationale. Même dans son usage normatif, le concept de société civile a plusieurs significations, très différentes les unes des autres puisqu'on peut distinguer au moins quatre modèles dans le contexte de l'aide internationale. Le concept normatif actuel de construction nationale présente lui aussi plusieurs significations, qui sont apparemment fonction des modèles de société civile. De quelque façon qu'on la conçoive, la construction nationale rencontre de graves problèmes : sur le plan extérieur, un problème d'échelle dans la mesure où elle est souvent débordée par la mondialisation; sur le plan intérieur, où la somme des interactions civiles n'a pas toujours pour effet de la faciliter.

The concepts "nation‐building" and "civil society" have extensive roots in positive social theory, but both have been reborn as important prescriptive concepts in the context of foreign aid. Even as a normative concept, the term "civil society" means quite different things, as at least four models can be distinguished in the foreign aid context. More to the point, today's normative notions of nation‐building also vary, seemingly by the model of civil society that is being used. However it is construed, nation‐building faces serious problems that are both external and internal to those efforts. Externally, there is a problem of scale, as globalisation tends to outflank nation‐building; internally, the result of civil interactions do not always facilitate nation‐building efforts.

The concepts 'nation-building' and 'civil society' have extensive roots in positive social theory, but both have been reborn as important prescriptive concepts in the context of foreign aid. Even as a normative concept, the term 'civil society' means quite different things, as at least four models can be distinguished in the foreign aid context. More to the point, today's normative notions of nation-building also vary, seemingly by the model of civil society that is being used. However it is construed, nation-building faces serious problems that are both external and internal to those efforts. Externally, there is a problem of scale, as globalisation tends to outflank nation-building; internally, the result of civil interactions do not always facilitate nation-building efforts. Adapted from the source document.

A new pragmatic statistical method is introduced for measuring the degree of att'al opposition-the degree to which an `issue' exists within a meaningful defined pop. This method may prove useful to other res'ers in PO, intergroup relations, & the evolution of norms & issues. The coefficient K was developed in the course of res on increasing att'al dissensus among the regions of the US reported by Norval Glenn & J. L. Simmons in their paper Are Regional Differences Diminishing?, read at a meeting of the ASA. Coefficient K was used to obtain an index of degree of opposition of opinion in a given pop, reflecting both intensity & extensity of att'al opposition, & was also sensitive to the relative size of the opinionated subsample. The example used shows how K can measure the degree of pol'al extremism within various groups, but other uses are suggested also-eg, in investigating the evolution of norms & issues in trend analysis in general, or for locating `camps' among the subgroups within a pop. It is explained how a total/sum K may be broken down into a number of K's for subgroups, which can then be compared. It is pointed out that K is a soc statistic, characterizing aggregates, & not individuals. The aggregate to which it is applied must have some clear substantive meaning-nations, regions, ethnic minorities, etc. M. Maxfield.

This text presents the most important and influential social psychological theories and research programs in contemporary sociology. Original chapters by the scholars who initiated and developed these theoretical perspectives provide full descriptions of each theory, its background, development, and future. The first four chapters cover general approaches, organized around fundamental principles and issues—symbolic interaction, social exchange, distributive justice, and rational choice. The following chapters focus on specific research programs and theories, examining identity, affect, comparison processes, power and dependence, social exchange, status construction, and legitimacy. A concluding chapter provides an analysis of and commentary on the state of the theoretical programs in sociological social psychology. Contributors: Peter J. Burke, Joseph Berger, Coye Cheshire, Karen S. Cook, Pamela Emanuelson, Alexandra Gerbasi, Karen A. Hegtvedt, Michael A. Hogg, Guillermina Jasso, Edward J. Lawler, Michael W. Macy, George J. McCall, Linda D. Molm, Cecilia L. Ridgeway, Dawn T. Robinson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, Jan E. Stets, Jonathan H. Turner, Murray Webster Jr., David Willer, and Morris Zelditch, Jr