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The author highlights the conflicting demands for certainty and fairness within Member State systems of procedural law. The obstacles to effective implementation of European law are particularly difficult to overcome when the need to maintain certainty in the law has high priority, as in the case of procedural laws.
Nevertheless, differences in procedural laws are severely undermining the uniform application of European law in the Member States. The European Court has adopted the approach that national legal systems should have procedural autonomy to a large extent — limited by the need to ensure that Community law rights are not subject to less favourable procedural conditions than those applying in the case of domestic law rights and that it does not become "virtually impossible" for a litigant to assert his or her Community law rights. This approach is unsatisfactory. It does not adequately promote the effectiveness of Community law rights. An alternative theory has emerged in recent ECJ case law, in which the purpose of the national law rule is investigated to determine whether it is compatible with Community law. This approach is also problematic, however. It leads to a high degree of uncertaintyover the validity of national procedural laws. The ECJ should retain its approach based on procedural autonomy, but identify more precisely the particular problems that the case law is trying to resolve. In particular, the key cases are concerned with the inadequate transposition of Directives into national law. Rules specific to this problems should be put in place. The obstacles caused by procedural laws should then be monitored to allow further intervention by way of harmonisation to meet identifiable needs.

The closing chapter in the opening section on 'The Nature of Poverty' in Poverty in Scotland 2021, the latest in a series providing an essential resource for politicians, policy makers, teachers, community activists, service providers, academics, students and all those working to end poverty. Here, we consider the causes of poverty.

One of the early chapters in Poverty in Scotland 2021, the latest in a series providing an essential resource for politicians, policy makers, teachers, community activists, service providers, academics, students and all those working to end poverty. This chapter reviews how we measure format.

The second chapter in the section on 'Evidence' in Poverty in Scotland 2021, the latest in a series providing an essential resource for politicians, policy makers, teachers, community activists, service providers, academics, students and all those working to end poverty. This chapter reviews who lives in poverty.

The is the final chapter in the section on 'Evidence' in Poverty in Scotland 2021, the latest in a series providing an essential resource for politicians, policy makers, teachers, community activists, service providers, academics, students and all those working to end poverty. This chapter reviews the experience of living in poverty in Scotland.

The 2010 Child Poverty Act placed new obligations to address child poverty upon each of the national governments in Britain and all of the local authorities in England and Wales. Local authorities in Scotland do not have the same legal requirement to tackle child poverty, but it is evident that their actions, in conjunction with local partners within the context of Community Planning Partnerships, will be critical to the success of the Child Poverty Strategy for Scotland introduced by the Scottish Government in 2011 . At the present time, local interventions to tackle child poverty must be enacted under particularly challenging conditions, as measures to reduce child poverty are undermined by a prolonged economic recession, fiscal austerity, reductions in UK welfare spending, and welfare reforms introduced by the UK government which appear likely to increase the number of households and children experiencing poverty. This paper examines what measures Scottish local authorities, Community Planning Partnerships and other local bodies could take to address child poverty at the local level and meet the national commitment to eradicate child poverty by 2020.

The opening chapter in the section on 'Evidence' in Poverty in Scotland 2021, the latest in a series providing an essential resource for politicians, policy makers, teachers, community activists, service providers, academics, students and all those working to end poverty. This chapter reviews recent trends.

Parkrun is a mass sporting community event which presents itself as a global social movement that aims to create a healthier and happier population. Existing research has explored the impact of parkrun on physical and mental wellbeing, and the mechanisms through which it may change physical activity behaviours. This paper draws upon a UK-wide survey of 8157 parkrunners to explore the subjective athletic identities of those who initially self-identified as non-runners. We examine how identity change is associated with perceptions and experiences of parkrun and demonstrate that parkrun has facilitated subjectivity change that leads many former non-running parkrunners to engage in running outside of the event. Using a Bourdieusian framework we argue that those who frequently engage in parkrun perceive a variety of health and performance changes that become legitimising factors for new health/sport behaviours. Our data add to existing research by demonstrating that parkrun provides a platform for individuals to become 'runners', whilst also offering a sociological explanation of how behaviour change may occur.

Recent UK government statements and education policies have emphasized the need to instil a 'culture of aspiration' among young people in deprived communities to address social exclusion. Specific proposals include raising the school leaving age to 18 and extending compulsory employment training. These statements and measures express the employment-oriented model of citizenship that underpins New Labour's approach to social justice. This article reflects on this approach by discussing survey evidence that explored the attitudes towards education and employment among young people in a deprived community in Glasgow. These data show that the majority of these young people were ambitious regarding their post-school career paths and optimistic about their employment prospects.

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in International Journal of Play on 23 Dec 2015, available online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21594937.2015.1106042. ; This introductory paper sets the context for a collection of 10 papers examining, Best of times to worst of times? Appraising the changing landscape of play in the UK. It is argued that the contemporary geography of play investment in the UK is complex, with dis/investment in much of England being contrasted with much stronger national commitments to play in the devolved administrations of Scotland and Wales. However, even in devolved UK, Austerity pressures on local government budgets have rendered it difficult to sustain, let alone scale up, inherited levels of spending on play services. Through austerity, the national narrative of play that was fostered in the early years of the Millennium is also being challenged by a commitment to localism. The paper ends by introducing the four themes that are addressed in the collection, i.e. 'how did we get here'; 'austerity'; 'austerity as threat'; 'austerity as opportunity'; and 'rethinking play and society'.